Annelida Phylum Overview

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Study Notes

Annelida Phylum

  • Polychaeta (Marine Worms):
    • Characterized by parapodia (paired appendages) with many setae (bristles)
    • Have eyes and sensory tentacles on their head
    • Some are active predators, others filter feeders
    • Feeding includes predation, scavenging, suspension feeding, and deposit feeding
    • Some build protective tubes of sand grains, mud, or calcium carbonate
  • Oligochaeta (Earthworms):
    • Lack parapodia, have fewer setae along their body
    • Lack eyes and tentacles
    • Mostly terrestrial or freshwater
    • Move by peristaltic waves (muscle contractions)
    • Hermaphroditic (both male and female reproductive organs in one worm)
    • Fertilization is external; cocoons are formed
    • Importance: improve soil aeration and nutrient mixing
  • Hirudinea (Leeches):
    • Lack parapodia and setae
    • Possess a posterior sucker for attachment
    • Mostly ectoparasites, feeding on the blood of vertebrates or invertebrates
    • Secrete anticoagulants during feeding
    • Some species possess toothed jaws for incisions
    • Move by attaching and detaching their suckers
    • Hermaphroditic with internal fertilization
    • Importance: used in medicine to improve blood flow and remove clots

General Annelida Characteristics

  • Body Structure: Segmented worms with a series of repeating segments (metamerism)
  • Body Wall: Flexible body wall with a protective cuticle; allows for locomotion and gas exchange
  • Respiration: Gas exchange across a thin body wall
  • Excretion: Waste removal via nephridia (kidney-like structures)
  • Locomotion: Peristaltic waves for crawling and burrowing; some have parapodia for swimming.

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