Podcast
Questions and Answers
What area of the body does ankylosing spondylitis primarily cause stiffness and pain?
What area of the body does ankylosing spondylitis primarily cause stiffness and pain?
The gluteals.
When is the pain typically worst for patients with ankylosing spondylitis?
When is the pain typically worst for patients with ankylosing spondylitis?
In the morning.
What activity is known to relieve symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?
What activity is known to relieve symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?
Exercise.
What are the two spinal regions where central stenosis is commonly observed?
What are the two spinal regions where central stenosis is commonly observed?
What type of reflexes are typically observed in patients with central stenosis?
What type of reflexes are typically observed in patients with central stenosis?
What is the main symptom differentiating foraminal stenosis from central stenosis?
What is the main symptom differentiating foraminal stenosis from central stenosis?
Which patient age group is at greater risk for developing central stenosis?
Which patient age group is at greater risk for developing central stenosis?
What position generally provides relief for symptoms associated with central stenosis?
What position generally provides relief for symptoms associated with central stenosis?
Differentiate between vascular and neurological pain symptoms in thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS).
Differentiate between vascular and neurological pain symptoms in thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS).
What role does rest play in alleviating symptoms associated with thoracic outlet syndrome?
What role does rest play in alleviating symptoms associated with thoracic outlet syndrome?
Identify two observable signs that suggest vascular complications in TOS.
Identify two observable signs that suggest vascular complications in TOS.
Explain the significance of Erb's point in neurodynamic testing for thoracic outlet syndrome.
Explain the significance of Erb's point in neurodynamic testing for thoracic outlet syndrome.
What is the primary assessment method for confirming scoliosis presence?
What is the primary assessment method for confirming scoliosis presence?
What is the best test among vascular tests for diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is the best test among vascular tests for diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome?
How does muscle spasm affect breathing assessments in patients with scoliosis?
How does muscle spasm affect breathing assessments in patients with scoliosis?
Describe the relevance of true leg length discrepancy in the context of scoliosis assessment.
Describe the relevance of true leg length discrepancy in the context of scoliosis assessment.
List two symptoms that suggest compression of nerves in thoracic outlet syndrome.
List two symptoms that suggest compression of nerves in thoracic outlet syndrome.
What impact does shoulder positioning have on thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms?
What impact does shoulder positioning have on thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms?
What connection is established between forward head posture and thoracic outlet syndrome?
What connection is established between forward head posture and thoracic outlet syndrome?
How might decreased range of motion relate to causal factors in thoracic outlet syndrome?
How might decreased range of motion relate to causal factors in thoracic outlet syndrome?
Identify the two primary interventions recommended for structural scoliosis.
Identify the two primary interventions recommended for structural scoliosis.
What are the five contraindications represented by the acronym PSycH in testing?
What are the five contraindications represented by the acronym PSycH in testing?
List the three precautions indicated by the acronym SSS that should be taken before testing.
List the three precautions indicated by the acronym SSS that should be taken before testing.
Why is technique particularly important in testing for patients with neurological issues?
Why is technique particularly important in testing for patients with neurological issues?
During passive tests, what should symptoms not exceed in intensity?
During passive tests, what should symptoms not exceed in intensity?
What should a patient do before performing an active movement test?
What should a patient do before performing an active movement test?
Name the three golden tests associated with the condition discussed.
Name the three golden tests associated with the condition discussed.
What two types of incidents are most typically associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What two types of incidents are most typically associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What demographic is at greater risk for experiencing symptoms related to vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What demographic is at greater risk for experiencing symptoms related to vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
List the five primary signs and symptoms reported most commonly using the acronym VHLGUM.
List the five primary signs and symptoms reported most commonly using the acronym VHLGUM.
What anatomical structures surround the thoracic outlet?
What anatomical structures surround the thoracic outlet?
What two structures passing through the thoracic outlet are critical for upper extremity function?
What two structures passing through the thoracic outlet are critical for upper extremity function?
What is the more common form of thoracic outlet syndrome, acute or chronic?
What is the more common form of thoracic outlet syndrome, acute or chronic?
What factors can make individuals more susceptible to developing thoracic outlet syndrome?
What factors can make individuals more susceptible to developing thoracic outlet syndrome?
What condition, present statistically in 0.2-1% of the population, could lead to thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms?
What condition, present statistically in 0.2-1% of the population, could lead to thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms?
What does a hypomobility finding in joint play at the ribs indicate?
What does a hypomobility finding in joint play at the ribs indicate?
What might hypermobility with joint play at the ribs signify?
What might hypermobility with joint play at the ribs signify?
What movements should be approached with caution in rib joint dysfunction?
What movements should be approached with caution in rib joint dysfunction?
What does the term PAIVM refer to, and is rib motion typically classified as one?
What does the term PAIVM refer to, and is rib motion typically classified as one?
List two aggravating activities commonly associated with rib joint dysfunction.
List two aggravating activities commonly associated with rib joint dysfunction.
What is a key consideration when performing PPIVMs and accessory movements?
What is a key consideration when performing PPIVMs and accessory movements?
What may be indicative of negativity in muscle dynamics associated with adverse neurodynamics?
What may be indicative of negativity in muscle dynamics associated with adverse neurodynamics?
What could the presence of muscle spasm indicate in patients with rib joint dysfunction?
What could the presence of muscle spasm indicate in patients with rib joint dysfunction?
How does habitual poor posture relate to rib joint dysfunction?
How does habitual poor posture relate to rib joint dysfunction?
What does often painful and reduced mobility in rib joint assessments suggest?
What does often painful and reduced mobility in rib joint assessments suggest?
What is the expected pain quality described in rib joint dysfunction?
What is the expected pain quality described in rib joint dysfunction?
What is the impact of inhaling and exhaling in patients with rib joint issues?
What is the impact of inhaling and exhaling in patients with rib joint issues?
What special test considerations are crucial for assessing adverse neurodynamics?
What special test considerations are crucial for assessing adverse neurodynamics?
In what instance may a normal neurodynamic test be insufficient for an athlete?
In what instance may a normal neurodynamic test be insufficient for an athlete?
How may smoking and specific occupations relate to rib joint dysfunction?
How may smoking and specific occupations relate to rib joint dysfunction?
What differentiates spondylolisthesis from spondylolysis?
What differentiates spondylolisthesis from spondylolysis?
What is the significance of knowing whether a patient has stenosis or disc pathology?
What is the significance of knowing whether a patient has stenosis or disc pathology?
Which spinal region is predominantly affected by spondylolisthesis?
Which spinal region is predominantly affected by spondylolisthesis?
What are the typical symptoms associated with spondylolisthesis?
What are the typical symptoms associated with spondylolisthesis?
What is a DEXA scan used for in relation to osteoporosis?
What is a DEXA scan used for in relation to osteoporosis?
Name one observation that might be present in a patient with osteoporosis.
Name one observation that might be present in a patient with osteoporosis.
What is the primary risk factor for osteoporosis in terms of gender and age?
What is the primary risk factor for osteoporosis in terms of gender and age?
What movement is typically most aggravating for patients experiencing facet joint dysfunction?
What movement is typically most aggravating for patients experiencing facet joint dysfunction?
How does spondylolysis predispose a patient to spondylolisthesis?
How does spondylolysis predispose a patient to spondylolisthesis?
What specific condition is suggested by the term 'retrolisthesis'?
What specific condition is suggested by the term 'retrolisthesis'?
What does the term 'Gower's sign' indicate in a clinical assessment?
What does the term 'Gower's sign' indicate in a clinical assessment?
What are two potential consequences of osteoporosis in daily life?
What are two potential consequences of osteoporosis in daily life?
In which activity would tightness in the hamstrings commonly be palpated?
In which activity would tightness in the hamstrings commonly be palpated?
What role does corticosteroid use play in the risk of osteoporosis?
What role does corticosteroid use play in the risk of osteoporosis?
What measurement difference typically indicates the necessity for intervention in leg-length discrepancies?
What measurement difference typically indicates the necessity for intervention in leg-length discrepancies?
Why is it recommended to proceed with caution when addressing a 1 cm leg-length discrepancy?
Why is it recommended to proceed with caution when addressing a 1 cm leg-length discrepancy?
What two points are commonly used for measuring leg-length discrepancies?
What two points are commonly used for measuring leg-length discrepancies?
What maneuver is performed before checking for functional leg-length discrepancies and why?
What maneuver is performed before checking for functional leg-length discrepancies and why?
What can be concluded if true leg-length is normal yet measurements show a discrepancy?
What can be concluded if true leg-length is normal yet measurements show a discrepancy?
Which two primary muscular structures are affected by an iliac crest contusion?
Which two primary muscular structures are affected by an iliac crest contusion?
What condition is associated with an iliac crest contusion?
What condition is associated with an iliac crest contusion?
What is a potential consequence of an avulsion fracture at the hip?
What is a potential consequence of an avulsion fracture at the hip?
In which sports are iliac crest contusions most frequently observed?
In which sports are iliac crest contusions most frequently observed?
What role does the bulk of the quadriceps play in measuring leg-length discrepancies?
What role does the bulk of the quadriceps play in measuring leg-length discrepancies?
What differentiates a structural leg-length discrepancy from a functional one?
What differentiates a structural leg-length discrepancy from a functional one?
How can significant pain in a diving-related injury be described?
How can significant pain in a diving-related injury be described?
What is the common measurement procedure for assessing leg-length discrepancies?
What is the common measurement procedure for assessing leg-length discrepancies?
What impact can a sudden change in leg-length discrepancy have on a patient?
What impact can a sudden change in leg-length discrepancy have on a patient?
What is a secondary predictor for presenting with FAI, and how does it differ from the main predictor?
What is a secondary predictor for presenting with FAI, and how does it differ from the main predictor?
What are the two factors associated with the developmental form of FAI?
What are the two factors associated with the developmental form of FAI?
Can FAI be asymptomatic, and what does this imply?
Can FAI be asymptomatic, and what does this imply?
What is a key consideration regarding asymptomatic FAI?
What is a key consideration regarding asymptomatic FAI?
What is a hallmark sign of hip osteoarthritis?
What is a hallmark sign of hip osteoarthritis?
How does FAI typically differ from OA in terms of lesion characteristics?
How does FAI typically differ from OA in terms of lesion characteristics?
What happens to bone structure in both arthritis and spondylosis?
What happens to bone structure in both arthritis and spondylosis?
What types of pathologies would an intra-articular test be unable to differentiate?
What types of pathologies would an intra-articular test be unable to differentiate?
What common sensations are experienced with a labral tear in the hip?
What common sensations are experienced with a labral tear in the hip?
What is the most typical movement restriction observed with a labral tear?
What is the most typical movement restriction observed with a labral tear?
What aspect of the labrum is most injury-prone?
What aspect of the labrum is most injury-prone?
What defines the end feel in FAI during assessments like the scower test?
What defines the end feel in FAI during assessments like the scower test?
What are the five main risk factors associated with osteoarthritis?
What are the five main risk factors associated with osteoarthritis?
Would surgical intervention be appropriate for a 35-40 year old with hip osteoarthritis?
Would surgical intervention be appropriate for a 35-40 year old with hip osteoarthritis?
How does the mechanism of injury (MOI) for avulsion fractures differ among skeletally immature individuals compared to adults?
How does the mechanism of injury (MOI) for avulsion fractures differ among skeletally immature individuals compared to adults?
Explain the nature of pain associated with apophysitis and its relationship to physical activity.
Explain the nature of pain associated with apophysitis and its relationship to physical activity.
What key factors differentiate apophysitis from an avulsion fracture?
What key factors differentiate apophysitis from an avulsion fracture?
In which population is osteitis pubis most commonly found, and what activities are associated with it?
In which population is osteitis pubis most commonly found, and what activities are associated with it?
What distinguishing features help differentiate osteitis pubis from an adductor strain?
What distinguishing features help differentiate osteitis pubis from an adductor strain?
What type of population is most at risk for femoral neck stress fractures, and what are the pain characteristics?
What type of population is most at risk for femoral neck stress fractures, and what are the pain characteristics?
How does the time of day affect the pain experienced from a stress fracture?
How does the time of day affect the pain experienced from a stress fracture?
What are the three types of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), and which is considered the most problematic?
What are the three types of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), and which is considered the most problematic?
What indicates the necessity for imaging to confirm the presence of FAI?
What indicates the necessity for imaging to confirm the presence of FAI?
What is a common symptom that indicates a possible stress fracture in athletes?
What is a common symptom that indicates a possible stress fracture in athletes?
Describe the typical characteristics of point tenderness in avulsion fractures.
Describe the typical characteristics of point tenderness in avulsion fractures.
What specifics should be noted during palpation of an avulsion fracture?
What specifics should be noted during palpation of an avulsion fracture?
How do the symptoms of apophysitis present over time, especially in relation to activity levels?
How do the symptoms of apophysitis present over time, especially in relation to activity levels?
What complications can arise from femoral acetabular impingement if left untreated?
What complications can arise from femoral acetabular impingement if left untreated?
What are the two activities that are most aggravated with a hip sprain?
What are the two activities that are most aggravated with a hip sprain?
What is the difference between acute and chronic mechanisms of injury for muscular pathology of the hip?
What is the difference between acute and chronic mechanisms of injury for muscular pathology of the hip?
What are the four symptoms commonly associated with hip muscular pathology?
What are the four symptoms commonly associated with hip muscular pathology?
What time of day is a hip pathology most likely to be stiffer?
What time of day is a hip pathology most likely to be stiffer?
What does SHARD stand for in the context of hip muscular pathology?
What does SHARD stand for in the context of hip muscular pathology?
Would pain typically radiate with a hip muscular pathology, and why?
Would pain typically radiate with a hip muscular pathology, and why?
What two factors does the amount of SHARD present with a hip muscular pathology depend on?
What two factors does the amount of SHARD present with a hip muscular pathology depend on?
What special test is associated with a piriformis pathology?
What special test is associated with a piriformis pathology?
When assessing hip AROM, which step is frequently overlooked?
When assessing hip AROM, which step is frequently overlooked?
What are the three tests most relevant for assessing adverse neurodynamic issues?
What are the three tests most relevant for assessing adverse neurodynamic issues?
What is a common reaction of strength in the presence of a hip/pelvic musculature injury?
What is a common reaction of strength in the presence of a hip/pelvic musculature injury?
What two hip movements are most aggravated with a hip sprain?
What two hip movements are most aggravated with a hip sprain?
Which position is best for honing in on what specific hip muscle is affected during assessment?
Which position is best for honing in on what specific hip muscle is affected during assessment?
What observation might indicate a rectus femoris or iliopsoas strain?
What observation might indicate a rectus femoris or iliopsoas strain?
What structures should definitely be palpated when assessing hip pathology?
What structures should definitely be palpated when assessing hip pathology?
What position is contraindicated for palpating the hip, and why?
What position is contraindicated for palpating the hip, and why?
Prior to hip palpation, what two actions should be conducted?
Prior to hip palpation, what two actions should be conducted?
Which anatomical structures are likely affected in piriformis syndrome?
Which anatomical structures are likely affected in piriformis syndrome?
How does the relation of the sciatic nerve to the piriformis typically present anatomically?
How does the relation of the sciatic nerve to the piriformis typically present anatomically?
What two hip range of motion movements are impacted when the sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis?
What two hip range of motion movements are impacted when the sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis?
What is the main cause of pseudo sciatica?
What is the main cause of pseudo sciatica?
Name two types of sciatica and differentiate them.
Name two types of sciatica and differentiate them.
What are the three primary mechanisms of injury for ischial bursitis?
What are the three primary mechanisms of injury for ischial bursitis?
Which type of bursitis is primarily discussed in this course?
Which type of bursitis is primarily discussed in this course?
Identify the most common acute mechanism of injury associated with ischial bursitis.
Identify the most common acute mechanism of injury associated with ischial bursitis.
What is unique about the pain associated with septic bursitis?
What is unique about the pain associated with septic bursitis?
What may be present when a person with trochanteric bursitis moves their hip?
What may be present when a person with trochanteric bursitis moves their hip?
What special test may be conducted if irritations typically aggravated with trochanteric bursitis are suspected?
What special test may be conducted if irritations typically aggravated with trochanteric bursitis are suspected?
What are the four structures affected in internal snapping hip syndrome, represented by the acronym HIII?
What are the four structures affected in internal snapping hip syndrome, represented by the acronym HIII?
What movement and position primarily exacerbate the snapping of the iliofemoral ligament over the femoral head?
What movement and position primarily exacerbate the snapping of the iliofemoral ligament over the femoral head?
What is the 'C sign' and with which condition is it associated?
What is the 'C sign' and with which condition is it associated?
How do you differentiate between snapping hip syndrome caused by a loose body versus a labral tear?
How do you differentiate between snapping hip syndrome caused by a loose body versus a labral tear?
What are the three most common areas where pain is referred for intra-articular hip syndrome?
What are the three most common areas where pain is referred for intra-articular hip syndrome?
What is the main goal when targeting the sources of internal and external snapping hip syndrome?
What is the main goal when targeting the sources of internal and external snapping hip syndrome?
Why are special tests associated with snapping hip syndrome likely to be positive?
Why are special tests associated with snapping hip syndrome likely to be positive?
What imaging may be needed to rule out intra-articular issues and internal bursa?
What imaging may be needed to rule out intra-articular issues and internal bursa?
What structural changes are typically observed in ankylosing spondylitis due to joint fusion?
What structural changes are typically observed in ankylosing spondylitis due to joint fusion?
How does the position of the body affect symptoms in central stenosis?
How does the position of the body affect symptoms in central stenosis?
Identify a key difference between symptoms of foraminal stenosis and central stenosis.
Identify a key difference between symptoms of foraminal stenosis and central stenosis.
What is the typical age demographic at increased risk for central stenosis?
What is the typical age demographic at increased risk for central stenosis?
In central stenosis, what typical reflex findings are observed?
In central stenosis, what typical reflex findings are observed?
What type of movements are particularly challenging for individuals with central stenosis?
What type of movements are particularly challenging for individuals with central stenosis?
What is typically observed during the pain provocation testing of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) in ankylosing spondylitis?
What is typically observed during the pain provocation testing of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) in ankylosing spondylitis?
List two common secondary causes of central stenosis.
List two common secondary causes of central stenosis.
What active movement should a patient practice prior to an active test?
What active movement should a patient practice prior to an active test?
What is the key risk associated with performing tests on elderly populations?
What is the key risk associated with performing tests on elderly populations?
Why should the intensity of symptoms not exceed 3-4/10 during testing?
Why should the intensity of symptoms not exceed 3-4/10 during testing?
Identify two primary signs of vascular complications in thoracic outlet syndrome?
Identify two primary signs of vascular complications in thoracic outlet syndrome?
What condition could be linked with cervical instability that often affects upper cervical motion?
What condition could be linked with cervical instability that often affects upper cervical motion?
In general, which demographic is at a higher risk for vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
In general, which demographic is at a higher risk for vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What major factor relates to increased risk of developing thoracic outlet syndrome?
What major factor relates to increased risk of developing thoracic outlet syndrome?
Which cranial nerve symptom could indicate neurological compromise in a patient?
Which cranial nerve symptom could indicate neurological compromise in a patient?
What precaution should be taken if a patient experiences symptoms easily provoked with movement?
What precaution should be taken if a patient experiences symptoms easily provoked with movement?
Which sign is most commonly reported with vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
Which sign is most commonly reported with vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What structure is NOT typically compressed in thoracic outlet syndrome?
What structure is NOT typically compressed in thoracic outlet syndrome?
What assessment method is crucial for evaluating thoracic outlet syndrome?
What assessment method is crucial for evaluating thoracic outlet syndrome?
What should a healthcare provider ask for during testing, as a form of feedback from the patient?
What should a healthcare provider ask for during testing, as a form of feedback from the patient?
Identify one secondary symptom that might accompany vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
Identify one secondary symptom that might accompany vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
What is the significance of differentiating between stenosis and disc pathology?
What is the significance of differentiating between stenosis and disc pathology?
What age and gender demographic is most at risk for transitioning from spondylolysis to spondylolisthesis?
What age and gender demographic is most at risk for transitioning from spondylolysis to spondylolisthesis?
What are the two main types of vertebral slippage identified in spondylolisthesis?
What are the two main types of vertebral slippage identified in spondylolisthesis?
What are two potential symptoms observed with lumbar spondylolisthesis?
What are two potential symptoms observed with lumbar spondylolisthesis?
Identify the primary objective measuring tool for diagnosing osteoporosis.
Identify the primary objective measuring tool for diagnosing osteoporosis.
What are typical postural observations associated with osteoporosis?
What are typical postural observations associated with osteoporosis?
What lifestyle factors are noted to increase the risk of developing osteoporosis?
What lifestyle factors are noted to increase the risk of developing osteoporosis?
What intervention should not be considered until leg-length discrepancy is addressed?
What intervention should not be considered until leg-length discrepancy is addressed?
What type of pain location is common in facet joint dysfunction?
What type of pain location is common in facet joint dysfunction?
How is congenital maldevelopment measured?
How is congenital maldevelopment measured?
Why is caution advised when correcting a 1 cm leg-length discrepancy?
Why is caution advised when correcting a 1 cm leg-length discrepancy?
What does the acronym HIS DiP stand for in relation to osteoporosis observations?
What does the acronym HIS DiP stand for in relation to osteoporosis observations?
Which movements are generally avoided during range of motion assessments in patients with osteoporosis?
Which movements are generally avoided during range of motion assessments in patients with osteoporosis?
What measurement points are used for determining leg-length discrepancy?
What measurement points are used for determining leg-length discrepancy?
What potential effects does spinal osteophyte development have?
What potential effects does spinal osteophyte development have?
In measuring leg-length discrepancies, why is the Weber-Barstow maneuver performed?
In measuring leg-length discrepancies, why is the Weber-Barstow maneuver performed?
Can individuals with FAI be asymptomatic, and to what extent?
Can individuals with FAI be asymptomatic, and to what extent?
What characterizes the observation findings in spondylolisthesis?
What characterizes the observation findings in spondylolisthesis?
What is the significance of a 1.5 cm leg-length discrepancy?
What is the significance of a 1.5 cm leg-length discrepancy?
Which type of pathology is associated with functional leg-length discrepancies?
Which type of pathology is associated with functional leg-length discrepancies?
What does a positive Gower's sign indicate?
What does a positive Gower's sign indicate?
What important consideration should be made regarding asymptomatic FAI?
What important consideration should be made regarding asymptomatic FAI?
What might indicate functional leg-length discrepancies during physical assessment?
What might indicate functional leg-length discrepancies during physical assessment?
What can exacerbate symptoms of spondylolisthesis?
What can exacerbate symptoms of spondylolisthesis?
What are the hallmark signs of hip osteoarthritis?
What are the hallmark signs of hip osteoarthritis?
What follow-up components are included in the acronym MISs?
What follow-up components are included in the acronym MISs?
What are the primary structures affected by an iliac crest contusion?
What are the primary structures affected by an iliac crest contusion?
What is a major distinction between osteoarthritis and femoral acetabular impingement?
What is a major distinction between osteoarthritis and femoral acetabular impingement?
What condition is often associated with iliac crest contusions?
What condition is often associated with iliac crest contusions?
At which joint does osteoarthritis typically occur at the earliest?
At which joint does osteoarthritis typically occur at the earliest?
What is an avulsion fracture?
What is an avulsion fracture?
What type of end feel would be present with a labral tear compared to femoral acetabular impingement?
What type of end feel would be present with a labral tear compared to femoral acetabular impingement?
What are the four main sensations associated with a hip labral tear?
What are the four main sensations associated with a hip labral tear?
Where does pain typically refer with meralgia paraesthetica?
Where does pain typically refer with meralgia paraesthetica?
What are the common regions for avulsion fractures?
What are the common regions for avulsion fractures?
What intra-articular test is established for assessing the presence of intra-articular pathologies?
What intra-articular test is established for assessing the presence of intra-articular pathologies?
In the context of a labral tear, how do structural conditions affect movement restrictions?
In the context of a labral tear, how do structural conditions affect movement restrictions?
Describe the pain characteristics commonly experienced by those with osteoarthritis.
Describe the pain characteristics commonly experienced by those with osteoarthritis.
What aspect of a labrum injury contributes to the feeling of instability?
What aspect of a labrum injury contributes to the feeling of instability?
What is a common mechanism of injury (MOI) for avulsion fractures in skeletally immature individuals?
What is a common mechanism of injury (MOI) for avulsion fractures in skeletally immature individuals?
In what population are avulsion fractures typically more prevalent, and why?
In what population are avulsion fractures typically more prevalent, and why?
What is the primary structure involved in external snapping hip syndrome?
What is the primary structure involved in external snapping hip syndrome?
Which type of snapping hip syndrome is most consistently painful and why?
Which type of snapping hip syndrome is most consistently painful and why?
What type of pain is typical for apophysitis, and what phases of activity may it aggravate?
What type of pain is typical for apophysitis, and what phases of activity may it aggravate?
What are two key differentiators between apophysitis and avulsion fractures?
What are two key differentiators between apophysitis and avulsion fractures?
List the four structures affected in internal snapping hip syndrome utilizing the acronym 'HIII.'
List the four structures affected in internal snapping hip syndrome utilizing the acronym 'HIII.'
What differentiates the end feel of a loose body from that of a labral tear in intra-articular snapping hip syndrome?
What differentiates the end feel of a loose body from that of a labral tear in intra-articular snapping hip syndrome?
How does osteitis pubis commonly present, and which population is primarily affected?
How does osteitis pubis commonly present, and which population is primarily affected?
What is the primary symptom that differentiates osteitis pubis from adductor strains?
What is the primary symptom that differentiates osteitis pubis from adductor strains?
Identify the three most common painful referral locations for patients with intra-articular hip syndrome.
Identify the three most common painful referral locations for patients with intra-articular hip syndrome.
At what hip position does the iliofemoral ligament primarily snap over the femoral head?
At what hip position does the iliofemoral ligament primarily snap over the femoral head?
What time of day are femoral neck stress fractures most bothersome, and why?
What time of day are femoral neck stress fractures most bothersome, and why?
What are the three types of femoral acetabular impingement (FAI)?
What are the three types of femoral acetabular impingement (FAI)?
What may be necessary to rule out concerning intra-articular pathologies besides snapping hip syndrome?
What may be necessary to rule out concerning intra-articular pathologies besides snapping hip syndrome?
What common movements would most provoke snapping hip syndrome during daily activities?
What common movements would most provoke snapping hip syndrome during daily activities?
What is a common consequence of an increase in training load for endurance athletes?
What is a common consequence of an increase in training load for endurance athletes?
What movement limitations are most likely present with a femoral neck stress fracture?
What movement limitations are most likely present with a femoral neck stress fracture?
How does palpation contribute to the assessment of an avulsion fracture?
How does palpation contribute to the assessment of an avulsion fracture?
What type of pain is typically described in individuals suffering from osteitis pubis?
What type of pain is typically described in individuals suffering from osteitis pubis?
What activity-related factor aggravates conditions like osteitis pubis?
What activity-related factor aggravates conditions like osteitis pubis?
Why might individuals with apophysitis remain asymptomatic?
Why might individuals with apophysitis remain asymptomatic?
What is the hallmark indicator for diagnosing femoral acetabular impingement (FAI)?
What is the hallmark indicator for diagnosing femoral acetabular impingement (FAI)?
What are the two activities most aggravated by a hip sprain?
What are the two activities most aggravated by a hip sprain?
What are the acute mechanisms of injury (MOIs) for muscular pathology of the hip?
What are the acute mechanisms of injury (MOIs) for muscular pathology of the hip?
Which time of day is a hip pathology often stiffer?
Which time of day is a hip pathology often stiffer?
What are the four common symptoms associated with hip muscular pathology?
What are the four common symptoms associated with hip muscular pathology?
What special test is typically used to assess a piriformis pathology?
What special test is typically used to assess a piriformis pathology?
How does smoke impact tissue health concerning hip muscular pathology?
How does smoke impact tissue health concerning hip muscular pathology?
What finding is indicative of altered weight bearing in hip muscular pathology?
What finding is indicative of altered weight bearing in hip muscular pathology?
What are the two hip movements most aggravated with a hip sprain?
What are the two hip movements most aggravated with a hip sprain?
What does SHARD stand for in terms of hip muscular pathology?
What does SHARD stand for in terms of hip muscular pathology?
What are the three relevant tests for assessing adverse neurodynamics?
What are the three relevant tests for assessing adverse neurodynamics?
During a hip muscular pathology assessment, what position should you prioritize for muscle affected?
During a hip muscular pathology assessment, what position should you prioritize for muscle affected?
What condition does the presence of morning stiffness in hip pathologies typically indicate?
What condition does the presence of morning stiffness in hip pathologies typically indicate?
What two things aggravate pain associated with a hip muscular pathology?
What two things aggravate pain associated with a hip muscular pathology?
What is the potential range of position difference between contralateral pelvis landmarks in muscular pathology?
What is the potential range of position difference between contralateral pelvis landmarks in muscular pathology?
What observation sign is associated with a rectus femoris and iliopsoas strain?
What observation sign is associated with a rectus femoris and iliopsoas strain?
What is the only way to confirm sciatic nerve mispositioning in relation to the piriformis?
What is the only way to confirm sciatic nerve mispositioning in relation to the piriformis?
Which anatomical anomaly regarding the sciatic nerve can occur with piriformis syndrome?
Which anatomical anomaly regarding the sciatic nerve can occur with piriformis syndrome?
What two hip range of motion movements are affected by the sciatic nerve piercing through the piriformis?
What two hip range of motion movements are affected by the sciatic nerve piercing through the piriformis?
Identify the two materials that can be used for sensitive area palpation.
Identify the two materials that can be used for sensitive area palpation.
What must be explained to the patient before performing hip palpation?
What must be explained to the patient before performing hip palpation?
In which position should the patient lie down to locate the sciatic nerve between the ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter?
In which position should the patient lie down to locate the sciatic nerve between the ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter?
What symptom is often associated with septic bursitis due to the infection process?
What symptom is often associated with septic bursitis due to the infection process?
Which sign is not reliable for assessing bursitis?
Which sign is not reliable for assessing bursitis?
What is the expected pain quality for snapping hip syndrome?
What is the expected pain quality for snapping hip syndrome?
Identify two kinds of sciatica.
Identify two kinds of sciatica.
Which two movements could be problematic with trochanteric bursitis due to muscle attachments?
Which two movements could be problematic with trochanteric bursitis due to muscle attachments?
What are the three main MOIs associated with trochanteric bursitis?
What are the three main MOIs associated with trochanteric bursitis?
Describe the pain experienced during acute bursitis.
Describe the pain experienced during acute bursitis.
How do symptoms differ between vascular pain and neurological pain in thoracic outlet syndrome?
How do symptoms differ between vascular pain and neurological pain in thoracic outlet syndrome?
What role does rest play in the management of thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms?
What role does rest play in the management of thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms?
Describe the purpose of the Roos test in evaluating thoracic outlet syndrome.
Describe the purpose of the Roos test in evaluating thoracic outlet syndrome.
What indicates a possible vascular complication in a patient with thoracic outlet syndrome during an examination?
What indicates a possible vascular complication in a patient with thoracic outlet syndrome during an examination?
What primary assessments are crucial when evaluating for scoliosis?
What primary assessments are crucial when evaluating for scoliosis?
How does muscle spasm affect the findings in a breathing assessment for scoliosis?
How does muscle spasm affect the findings in a breathing assessment for scoliosis?
What is the significance of observing forward head posture in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is the significance of observing forward head posture in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome?
What findings are indicative of true leg length discrepancy during an assessment?
What findings are indicative of true leg length discrepancy during an assessment?
Why is the brachial plexus traction test preferred for assessing thoracic outlet syndrome?
Why is the brachial plexus traction test preferred for assessing thoracic outlet syndrome?
What are two common symptoms associated with vascular compression in thoracic outlet syndrome?
What are two common symptoms associated with vascular compression in thoracic outlet syndrome?
How can reduced range of motion in the shoulder relate to thoracic outlet syndrome?
How can reduced range of motion in the shoulder relate to thoracic outlet syndrome?
What observations are necessary for evaluating muscle length and strength in the context of thoracic outlet syndrome?
What observations are necessary for evaluating muscle length and strength in the context of thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is a common clinical finding during the assessment for scoliosis related to rib prominence?
What is a common clinical finding during the assessment for scoliosis related to rib prominence?
In the context of an upper extremity assessment, what might a diminished pulse indicate?
In the context of an upper extremity assessment, what might a diminished pulse indicate?
What could indicate an absence of trauma in rib joint assessments?
What could indicate an absence of trauma in rib joint assessments?
When assessing rib joint dysfunction, why should caution be used with certain movements?
When assessing rib joint dysfunction, why should caution be used with certain movements?
Why are neurodynamic tests not definitive for diagnosing disc pathology?
Why are neurodynamic tests not definitive for diagnosing disc pathology?
In the context of adverse neurodynamics, what might muscle atrophy suggest?
In the context of adverse neurodynamics, what might muscle atrophy suggest?
What does a key consideration during PPIVMs and accessory movements involve?
What does a key consideration during PPIVMs and accessory movements involve?
What is a critical factor influencing the pain severity in disc pathology?
What is a critical factor influencing the pain severity in disc pathology?
How does muscle spasm impact patients experiencing rib joint dysfunction?
How does muscle spasm impact patients experiencing rib joint dysfunction?
What connection exists between habitual postures and rib joint dysfunction?
What connection exists between habitual postures and rib joint dysfunction?
What diagnosis can be inferred from localized, sharp, stabbing pain in the ribs?
What diagnosis can be inferred from localized, sharp, stabbing pain in the ribs?
What assessment would you recommend when suspecting adverse neurodynamics?
What assessment would you recommend when suspecting adverse neurodynamics?
What role does poor muscular flexibility play regarding neurodynamics?
What role does poor muscular flexibility play regarding neurodynamics?
What is an expected observation in patients with rib joint conditions?
What is an expected observation in patients with rib joint conditions?
What should be considered about symptoms during passive tests?
What should be considered about symptoms during passive tests?
What may exacerbate rib joint dysfunction during respiratory actions?
What may exacerbate rib joint dysfunction during respiratory actions?
What type of imaging is primarily used to confirm conditions like stenosis or a disc pathology?
What type of imaging is primarily used to confirm conditions like stenosis or a disc pathology?
Why is it crucial to differentiate between spondylolisthesis and disc pathology?
Why is it crucial to differentiate between spondylolisthesis and disc pathology?
What changes occur to spondylolysis that may indicate a risk for spondylolisthesis?
What changes occur to spondylolysis that may indicate a risk for spondylolisthesis?
What are some observable physical signs associated with osteoporosis, using the acronym HIS DiP?
What are some observable physical signs associated with osteoporosis, using the acronym HIS DiP?
What anatomical region is primarily affected by spondylolisthesis?
What anatomical region is primarily affected by spondylolisthesis?
How does muscle spasm manifest in patients with spinal issues?
How does muscle spasm manifest in patients with spinal issues?
What is a common symptom that may present with spondylolisthesis due to instability?
What is a common symptom that may present with spondylolisthesis due to instability?
What does the term DEXA stand for in the context of osteoporosis assessment?
What does the term DEXA stand for in the context of osteoporosis assessment?
What type of joint dysfunction might result from sudden or unusual movement in the spine?
What type of joint dysfunction might result from sudden or unusual movement in the spine?
What is one primary intervention option for patients diagnosed with stenosis?
What is one primary intervention option for patients diagnosed with stenosis?
What is the significance of a Gower's sign in spinal assessment?
What is the significance of a Gower's sign in spinal assessment?
What lifestyle factor increases the risk of osteoporosis?
What lifestyle factor increases the risk of osteoporosis?
What does a T-score of -2.5 represent in bone density measurements?
What does a T-score of -2.5 represent in bone density measurements?
What is the primary consequence of osteoporosis in the vertebral column?
What is the primary consequence of osteoporosis in the vertebral column?
What type of injury is indicated by muscle spasm in patients with rib joint dysfunction?
What type of injury is indicated by muscle spasm in patients with rib joint dysfunction?
How does hypomobility in joint play at the ribs relate to injury?
How does hypomobility in joint play at the ribs relate to injury?
Which specific movements should be approached with caution in cases of rib joint dysfunction?
Which specific movements should be approached with caution in cases of rib joint dysfunction?
What does the term 'PAIVM' not apply to in relation to rib motion?
What does the term 'PAIVM' not apply to in relation to rib motion?
What may indicate pain in the ribs during motions such as coughing or sneezing?
What may indicate pain in the ribs during motions such as coughing or sneezing?
When discussing rib joint dysfunction, how is the pain quality typically described?
When discussing rib joint dysfunction, how is the pain quality typically described?
What risk factors should be considered when evaluating a patient for rib joint dysfunction?
What risk factors should be considered when evaluating a patient for rib joint dysfunction?
What role do habitual poor postures play in rib joint dysfunction?
What role do habitual poor postures play in rib joint dysfunction?
How does the presence of pain affect the assessment of joint mobility?
How does the presence of pain affect the assessment of joint mobility?
What behavior should be noted in patients with insidious rib joint dysfunction?
What behavior should be noted in patients with insidious rib joint dysfunction?
What common symptom might indicate a patient is experiencing adverse neurodynamics?
What common symptom might indicate a patient is experiencing adverse neurodynamics?
In terms of assessment, how does the timing of pain typically present in disc pathology?
In terms of assessment, how does the timing of pain typically present in disc pathology?
Why are neurodynamic tests considered non-diagnostic for certain conditions like disc pathology?
Why are neurodynamic tests considered non-diagnostic for certain conditions like disc pathology?
What factors affect the interpretation of neurodynamic test results in athletes?
What factors affect the interpretation of neurodynamic test results in athletes?
What is the primary precaution to consider if a patient experiences continuous pain during testing?
What is the primary precaution to consider if a patient experiences continuous pain during testing?
What does the acronym PSycH represent in terms of contraindications for testing?
What does the acronym PSycH represent in terms of contraindications for testing?
What is the maximum acceptable symptom intensity during passive tests?
What is the maximum acceptable symptom intensity during passive tests?
How should a patient prepare before performing an active movement test?
How should a patient prepare before performing an active movement test?
What role does verbal feedback play during testing procedures?
What role does verbal feedback play during testing procedures?
Identify two primary risk factors linked to vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
Identify two primary risk factors linked to vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
What are the three most common symptoms reported in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What are the three most common symptoms reported in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What two types of incidents are most typically associated with the onset of vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What two types of incidents are most typically associated with the onset of vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
What anatomical space is referred to as the thoracic outlet?
What anatomical space is referred to as the thoracic outlet?
What is one common consequence of a cervical rib present in the population?
What is one common consequence of a cervical rib present in the population?
Name one less significant factor that contributes to thoracic outlet syndrome.
Name one less significant factor that contributes to thoracic outlet syndrome.
Why is technique essential during the testing of neurological patients?
Why is technique essential during the testing of neurological patients?
What symptom is most commonly associated with right posterior artery occlusion?
What symptom is most commonly associated with right posterior artery occlusion?
In relation to thoracic outlet syndrome, what might repetitive overhead positions cause?
In relation to thoracic outlet syndrome, what might repetitive overhead positions cause?
What is the importance of upper cervical stability in the context of cervical health?
What is the importance of upper cervical stability in the context of cervical health?
What two muscle-related symptoms might indicate thoracic outlet syndrome associated with vascular issues?
What two muscle-related symptoms might indicate thoracic outlet syndrome associated with vascular issues?
In the context of thoracic outlet syndrome, how does decreased ROM usually present?
In the context of thoracic outlet syndrome, how does decreased ROM usually present?
What role does the Roos test play in the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome?
What role does the Roos test play in the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome?
Which neurological test is specifically performed at Erb’s point?
Which neurological test is specifically performed at Erb’s point?
What is the significance of point tenderness in the assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is the significance of point tenderness in the assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome?
What common posture issue is often observed in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome?
What common posture issue is often observed in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome?
What does decreased skin temperature suggest in the context of vascular TOS?
What does decreased skin temperature suggest in the context of vascular TOS?
What observation about rib alignment is crucial when assessing scoliosis?
What observation about rib alignment is crucial when assessing scoliosis?
What key assessment technique is used to identify thresholds of symmetry in breathing with scoliosis?
What key assessment technique is used to identify thresholds of symmetry in breathing with scoliosis?
Which factors contribute to assessing true leg length discrepancy in patients?
Which factors contribute to assessing true leg length discrepancy in patients?
What is the impact of a muscle spasm on the breathing assessment in scoliosis?
What is the impact of a muscle spasm on the breathing assessment in scoliosis?
How does edema relate to vascular changes in thoracic outlet syndrome?
How does edema relate to vascular changes in thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is the primary goal of observing the rib prominence and hip levels in scoliosis assessment?
What is the primary goal of observing the rib prominence and hip levels in scoliosis assessment?
What can be inferred from symptoms like tingling and numbness in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome?
What can be inferred from symptoms like tingling and numbness in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome?
What is the intervention of choice to address a leg-length discrepancy before any heel lift is given?
What is the intervention of choice to address a leg-length discrepancy before any heel lift is given?
How is a leg-length discrepancy measured?
How is a leg-length discrepancy measured?
Why might a person not receive a 1 cm heel lift immediately?
Why might a person not receive a 1 cm heel lift immediately?
What are the typical measuring points when assessing for leg-length discrepancies?
What are the typical measuring points when assessing for leg-length discrepancies?
What does a positive test for leg-length discrepancy indicate?
What does a positive test for leg-length discrepancy indicate?
Before checking for functional leg-length discrepancies, which maneuver should be performed?
Before checking for functional leg-length discrepancies, which maneuver should be performed?
What types of posture changes are associated with functional leg-length discrepancies?
What types of posture changes are associated with functional leg-length discrepancies?
What secondary condition might arise from an iliac crest contusion?
What secondary condition might arise from an iliac crest contusion?
What is a common sport where iliac crest contusion injuries occur?
What is a common sport where iliac crest contusion injuries occur?
What is the distinction between an iliac crest contusion and an iliac crest fracture?
What is the distinction between an iliac crest contusion and an iliac crest fracture?
What might the presence of notable quad asymmetry suggest during leg length measurement?
What might the presence of notable quad asymmetry suggest during leg length measurement?
What are three components of the follow-up process for assessing discrepancies?
What are three components of the follow-up process for assessing discrepancies?
Is it possible to have both structural and functional leg-length discrepancies at once?
Is it possible to have both structural and functional leg-length discrepancies at once?
Which two primary structures are affected by an iliac crest contusion?
Which two primary structures are affected by an iliac crest contusion?
What are the two most aggravated activities associated with a hip sprain?
What are the two most aggravated activities associated with a hip sprain?
What hip movements are primarily aggravated by a hip sprain?
What hip movements are primarily aggravated by a hip sprain?
In what context would you observe a patient with suspected hip muscular pathology?
In what context would you observe a patient with suspected hip muscular pathology?
What is the role of smoking in relation to hip muscular pathology?
What is the role of smoking in relation to hip muscular pathology?
What signs are commonly associated with hip muscular pathology observation?
What signs are commonly associated with hip muscular pathology observation?
Which time of day is hip pathology typically stiffer?
Which time of day is hip pathology typically stiffer?
What two factors determine the amount of SHARD in a hip muscular pathology?
What two factors determine the amount of SHARD in a hip muscular pathology?
What observation sign is characteristic of a rectus femoris strain?
What observation sign is characteristic of a rectus femoris strain?
What is the typical condition of AROM and PROM in a hip muscular pathology?
What is the typical condition of AROM and PROM in a hip muscular pathology?
What are the four symptoms associated with hip muscular pathology?
What are the four symptoms associated with hip muscular pathology?
What is the special test associated with a piriformis pathology?
What is the special test associated with a piriformis pathology?
What is considered important when performing AROM in an individual with a hip muscular pathology?
What is considered important when performing AROM in an individual with a hip muscular pathology?
What is the mechanism of injury (MOI) for an avulsion fracture among skeletally immature individuals?
What is the mechanism of injury (MOI) for an avulsion fracture among skeletally immature individuals?
What injury mechanism is synonymous with avulsion fractures?
What injury mechanism is synonymous with avulsion fractures?
Why are avulsion fractures commonly seen in skeletally immature individuals?
Why are avulsion fractures commonly seen in skeletally immature individuals?
What are the pain characteristics associated with avulsion fractures?
What are the pain characteristics associated with avulsion fractures?
What is the most likely common site associated with snapping hip syndrome, and why?
What is the most likely common site associated with snapping hip syndrome, and why?
What is apophysitis, and where is it most commonly located?
What is apophysitis, and where is it most commonly located?
What are the four structures involved in internal snapping hip syndrome, associated with the acronym HIII?
What are the four structures involved in internal snapping hip syndrome, associated with the acronym HIII?
What differentiates apophysitis from avulsion fractures?
What differentiates apophysitis from avulsion fractures?
What type of snapping hip syndrome is likely to be consistently painful?
What type of snapping hip syndrome is likely to be consistently painful?
What activity is osteitis pubis commonly associated with in females?
What activity is osteitis pubis commonly associated with in females?
How can you differentiate between a loose body and a labral tear in terms of intra-articular snapping hip syndrome?
How can you differentiate between a loose body and a labral tear in terms of intra-articular snapping hip syndrome?
What is a major challenge in diagnosing a femoral neck stress fracture?
What is a major challenge in diagnosing a femoral neck stress fracture?
What is the deep pain sign associated with intra-articular snapping hip syndrome called?
What is the deep pain sign associated with intra-articular snapping hip syndrome called?
What factors can predict a stress fracture over other conditions?
What factors can predict a stress fracture over other conditions?
Which type of femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) is considered extremely problematic?
Which type of femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) is considered extremely problematic?
Which three hip ranges of motion (ROM) are most affected by snapping hip syndrome?
Which three hip ranges of motion (ROM) are most affected by snapping hip syndrome?
How are evaluations for FAI guided?
How are evaluations for FAI guided?
What angle and movements are primarily associated with the snapping of the iliofemoral ligament over the femoral head?
What angle and movements are primarily associated with the snapping of the iliofemoral ligament over the femoral head?
What is the main aspect to target when addressing the sources of internal and external snapping hip syndrome?
What is the main aspect to target when addressing the sources of internal and external snapping hip syndrome?
What is the primary pain characteristic for a femoral neck stress fracture?
What is the primary pain characteristic for a femoral neck stress fracture?
What type of imaging is necessary to confirm the presence of femoral acetabular impingement?
What type of imaging is necessary to confirm the presence of femoral acetabular impingement?
What population is primarily affected by apophysitis?
What population is primarily affected by apophysitis?
What are the common aggravating factors for osteitis pubis?
What are the common aggravating factors for osteitis pubis?
What is a secondary predictor for presenting with FAI?
What is a secondary predictor for presenting with FAI?
Can FAI be asymptomatic, and if so, what is a critical consideration?
Can FAI be asymptomatic, and if so, what is a critical consideration?
What is the main difference between OA and FAI in terms of lesion presentation?
What is the main difference between OA and FAI in terms of lesion presentation?
What is the typical end feel associated with FAI?
What is the typical end feel associated with FAI?
What sensations are commonly felt with a labral tear of the hip?
What sensations are commonly felt with a labral tear of the hip?
What must be referred to a physician for determining intra-articular pathologies?
What must be referred to a physician for determining intra-articular pathologies?
What type of motion is more likely to be restricted with a labral tear?
What type of motion is more likely to be restricted with a labral tear?
What is the primary concern with asymptomatic FAI?
What is the primary concern with asymptomatic FAI?
What is the relationship between bone growth and other arthritis conditions?
What is the relationship between bone growth and other arthritis conditions?
How likely is a labral tear to occur alongside a hip dislocation?
How likely is a labral tear to occur alongside a hip dislocation?
What structures should be palpated in the hip region for a proper assessment?
What structures should be palpated in the hip region for a proper assessment?
In what position should the patient NOT be when palpating the hip area, and why?
In what position should the patient NOT be when palpating the hip area, and why?
What two preparatory actions should a clinician take before palpating the hip?
What two preparatory actions should a clinician take before palpating the hip?
Name two materials that can be used to assist in palpating sensitive areas.
Name two materials that can be used to assist in palpating sensitive areas.
List any four differential diagnoses for hip muscular pathology.
List any four differential diagnoses for hip muscular pathology.
How does the positional relationship between the sciatic nerve and piriformis typically present?
How does the positional relationship between the sciatic nerve and piriformis typically present?
What two hip range of motion movements are typically affected when the sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis?
What two hip range of motion movements are typically affected when the sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis?
What are the three primary mechanisms of injury (MOIs) associated with ischial bursitis?
What are the three primary mechanisms of injury (MOIs) associated with ischial bursitis?
What type of bursitis is primarily mechanical in nature?
What type of bursitis is primarily mechanical in nature?
Which symptom is often associated with acute bursitis?
Which symptom is often associated with acute bursitis?
What condition often accompanies acute bursitis?
What condition often accompanies acute bursitis?
What are the main MOIs related to trochanteric bursitis?
What are the main MOIs related to trochanteric bursitis?
What movements typically aggravate trochanteric bursitis?
What movements typically aggravate trochanteric bursitis?
What may indicate the loss of lumbar lordosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis?
What may indicate the loss of lumbar lordosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis?
Which activities typically worsen symptoms of central stenosis?
Which activities typically worsen symptoms of central stenosis?
What symptom is specifically associated with foraminal stenosis compared to central stenosis?
What symptom is specifically associated with foraminal stenosis compared to central stenosis?
At what age group is central stenosis particularly prevalent?
At what age group is central stenosis particularly prevalent?
How does exercise impact symptoms in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis?
How does exercise impact symptoms in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis?
What type of symptoms are observed in patients with foraminal stenosis?
What type of symptoms are observed in patients with foraminal stenosis?
Which reflex type is commonly seen in patients with bilateral symptoms due to central stenosis?
Which reflex type is commonly seen in patients with bilateral symptoms due to central stenosis?
What is the effect of flexed positions on symptoms associated with central stenosis?
What is the effect of flexed positions on symptoms associated with central stenosis?
What type of symptoms are typically associated with central stenosis?
What type of symptoms are typically associated with central stenosis?
Bilateral symptoms are common in central stenosis due to spinal cord involvement.
Bilateral symptoms are common in central stenosis due to spinal cord involvement.
What is the expected role of flexed positions in managing symptoms of central stenosis?
What is the expected role of flexed positions in managing symptoms of central stenosis?
Ankylosing spondylitis primarily leads to _____ loss of lumbar lordosis and increased thoracic kyphosis.
Ankylosing spondylitis primarily leads to _____ loss of lumbar lordosis and increased thoracic kyphosis.
Match the conditions to their potential causes:
Match the conditions to their potential causes:
Symptoms of foraminal stenosis are identical to those of central stenosis.
Symptoms of foraminal stenosis are identical to those of central stenosis.
What is a common observable posture in individuals with central stenosis?
What is a common observable posture in individuals with central stenosis?
Which demographic is at greater risk for developing ankylosing spondylitis?
Which demographic is at greater risk for developing ankylosing spondylitis?
Local pain in rib joint dysfunction is typically sharp and stabbing.
Local pain in rib joint dysfunction is typically sharp and stabbing.
What might hypomobility indicate in joint play at the ribs?
What might hypomobility indicate in joint play at the ribs?
Pain in rib joint dysfunction is aggravated by __________ and side bending.
Pain in rib joint dysfunction is aggravated by __________ and side bending.
Match the type of injury with its description:
Match the type of injury with its description:
What significantly increases the risk of rib joint dysfunction?
What significantly increases the risk of rib joint dysfunction?
Muscle spasms are unlikely to occur in patients with rib joint dysfunction.
Muscle spasms are unlikely to occur in patients with rib joint dysfunction.
What is a common outcome observed in patients with malfunctioning nerves?
What is a common outcome observed in patients with malfunctioning nerves?
Other than joint play, __________ movements may indicate adverse neurodynamics.
Other than joint play, __________ movements may indicate adverse neurodynamics.
What does not typically indicate joint dysfunction in the absence of trauma?
What does not typically indicate joint dysfunction in the absence of trauma?
Rib joint dysfunction typically presents with radiating pain.
Rib joint dysfunction typically presents with radiating pain.
What is often observed in individuals with rib joint dysfunction?
What is often observed in individuals with rib joint dysfunction?
Laughing and __________ may aggravate symptoms of rib joint dysfunction.
Laughing and __________ may aggravate symptoms of rib joint dysfunction.
What is the expected pain severity in rib joint dysfunction?
What is the expected pain severity in rib joint dysfunction?
Rib motion and expansion are considered PAIVMs.
Rib motion and expansion are considered PAIVMs.
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication represented by the acronym PSycH?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication represented by the acronym PSycH?
Cervical rotation and/or extension are primary aggravators for symptoms related to vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
Cervical rotation and/or extension are primary aggravators for symptoms related to vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
What does the acronym SSS represent in the context of testing precautions?
What does the acronym SSS represent in the context of testing precautions?
The three golden tests for the condition discussed are ____ , ____ , and ____.
The three golden tests for the condition discussed are ____ , ____ , and ____.
Match the primary sign/symptom with its description:
Match the primary sign/symptom with its description:
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a significant contributor to thoracic outlet syndrome?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a significant contributor to thoracic outlet syndrome?
Dizziness is the most commonly reported symptom associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
Dizziness is the most commonly reported symptom associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
Name two incidents that are most commonly associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
Name two incidents that are most commonly associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
Smaller cervical movement between C0 and C1 and C1 and C2 can lead to ____ of the vertebrobasilar system.
Smaller cervical movement between C0 and C1 and C1 and C2 can lead to ____ of the vertebrobasilar system.
Match the S/S acronym VHLGUM with its corresponding symptom:
Match the S/S acronym VHLGUM with its corresponding symptom:
Which of the following is a common risk factor for thoracic outlet syndrome?
Which of the following is a common risk factor for thoracic outlet syndrome?
Old age, particularly individuals between 50-70 years, is at higher risk for vertebrobasilar insufficiency symptoms.
Old age, particularly individuals between 50-70 years, is at higher risk for vertebrobasilar insufficiency symptoms.
What condition is associated with the presence of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis as contributing factors?
What condition is associated with the presence of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis as contributing factors?
What is the primary treatment approach for stenosis?
What is the primary treatment approach for stenosis?
Spondylolisthesis is characterized by vertebral stability.
Spondylolisthesis is characterized by vertebral stability.
The two structures passing through the thoracic outlet critical for upper extremity function are the ____ and ____.
The two structures passing through the thoracic outlet critical for upper extremity function are the ____ and ____.
A DEXA scan measures __________ to assess osteoporosis.
A DEXA scan measures __________ to assess osteoporosis.
Match the following conditions with their definitions:
Match the following conditions with their definitions:
What aggravates pain for individuals with spondylolisthesis?
What aggravates pain for individuals with spondylolisthesis?
Osteoporosis mainly affects males more than females.
Osteoporosis mainly affects males more than females.
What is the common observed symptom related to posture in osteoporosis?
What is the common observed symptom related to posture in osteoporosis?
Signs of osteopenia might include a T score between __________.
Signs of osteopenia might include a T score between __________.
Which age group is at greater risk of developing osteoporosis?
Which age group is at greater risk of developing osteoporosis?
Muscle spasm is typically unlikely in cases of facet joint dysfunction.
Muscle spasm is typically unlikely in cases of facet joint dysfunction.
What is the primary objective of an athletic trainer regarding patients with fragility fractures?
What is the primary objective of an athletic trainer regarding patients with fragility fractures?
The primary cause of a sprain is __________ movement of a joint.
The primary cause of a sprain is __________ movement of a joint.
What term describes increased segmental mobility with pain?
What term describes increased segmental mobility with pain?
Facet joint dysfunction can be caused by habitual poor posture.
Facet joint dysfunction can be caused by habitual poor posture.
What is the characteristic pain sensation associated with vascular issues?
What is the characteristic pain sensation associated with vascular issues?
Radiating pain is more commonly associated with vascular issues than neurological issues.
Radiating pain is more commonly associated with vascular issues than neurological issues.
Decreased blood flow can cause sensations such as _________ and _________.
Decreased blood flow can cause sensations such as _________ and _________.
Which of the following symptoms is associated with neurological types of thoracic outlet syndrome?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with neurological types of thoracic outlet syndrome?
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Breathing assessments for patients with scoliosis should be performed while the patient is standing.
Breathing assessments for patients with scoliosis should be performed while the patient is standing.
What anatomical landmarks are used to assess for true leg length discrepancy?
What anatomical landmarks are used to assess for true leg length discrepancy?
The primary assessment for indicating presence of scoliosis is __________.
The primary assessment for indicating presence of scoliosis is __________.
What assessment is notably useful for thoracic outlet syndrome compared to other neurodynamic-focused tasks?
What assessment is notably useful for thoracic outlet syndrome compared to other neurodynamic-focused tasks?
Vascular tests are specific to thoracic outlet syndrome assessment.
Vascular tests are specific to thoracic outlet syndrome assessment.
What does a finding of dilated veins usually indicate?
What does a finding of dilated veins usually indicate?
Symptoms of ______________, such as heaviness and loss of strength, are often observed in vascular thoracic outlet syndrome.
Symptoms of ______________, such as heaviness and loss of strength, are often observed in vascular thoracic outlet syndrome.
What specific area is targeted by Tinel's test in neurodynamic assessments?
What specific area is targeted by Tinel's test in neurodynamic assessments?
Match the symptom with its type:
Match the symptom with its type:
What is the primary injury mechanism of injury (MOI) often associated with avulsion fractures in skeletally immature individuals?
What is the primary injury mechanism of injury (MOI) often associated with avulsion fractures in skeletally immature individuals?
Apophysitis is solely limited to adult athletes.
Apophysitis is solely limited to adult athletes.
What is the most common painful time for a person with a stress fracture?
What is the most common painful time for a person with a stress fracture?
Osteitis pubis is commonly associated with ________ in females.
Osteitis pubis is commonly associated with ________ in females.
Match the following types of femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) with their definitions:
Match the following types of femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) with their definitions:
What specific factor indicates an increased likelihood of developing a stress fracture?
What specific factor indicates an increased likelihood of developing a stress fracture?
What is the effect of giving a person with a 1 cm leg-length discrepancy a heel lift immediately?
What is the effect of giving a person with a 1 cm leg-length discrepancy a heel lift immediately?
Avulsion fractures and muscle ruptures are treated differently.
Avulsion fractures and muscle ruptures are treated differently.
What are the two main characteristics that differentiate apophysitis and avulsion fractures?
What are the two main characteristics that differentiate apophysitis and avulsion fractures?
A Weber-Barstow maneuver is necessary for true leg-length discrepancy measurement.
A Weber-Barstow maneuver is necessary for true leg-length discrepancy measurement.
Osgood-Schlatter’s is the most well-known type of apophysitis that occurs at the ________.
Osgood-Schlatter’s is the most well-known type of apophysitis that occurs at the ________.
A hip pointer is commonly associated with __________ injuries.
A hip pointer is commonly associated with __________ injuries.
Which population is more likely to experience an avulsion fracture?
Which population is more likely to experience an avulsion fracture?
Palpation provides significant insight when diagnosing avulsion fractures.
Palpation provides significant insight when diagnosing avulsion fractures.
What sport is an iliac crest contusion most frequently seen in?
What sport is an iliac crest contusion most frequently seen in?
What is the characteristic pain description associated with apophysitis?
What is the characteristic pain description associated with apophysitis?
A person can have both a structural and functional leg length discrepancy at the same time.
A person can have both a structural and functional leg length discrepancy at the same time.
FAI is noted to present as chronic issues and is often aggravated by prolonged ________.
FAI is noted to present as chronic issues and is often aggravated by prolonged ________.
What is the best action to take if a true leg-length discrepancy is suspected?
What is the best action to take if a true leg-length discrepancy is suspected?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation at the pubic symphysis?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation at the pubic symphysis?
To measure leg length discrepancy, the distance is typically measured from the ASIS to the __________.
To measure leg length discrepancy, the distance is typically measured from the ASIS to the __________.
Match the following conditions with their primary indicators:
Match the following conditions with their primary indicators:
Match the following measurement methods with their purposes:
Match the following measurement methods with their purposes:
What complication might arise from rapidly correcting a leg-length discrepancy after many years of adaptation?
What complication might arise from rapidly correcting a leg-length discrepancy after many years of adaptation?
A difference of up to 1 cm in leg length is typically considered significant.
A difference of up to 1 cm in leg length is typically considered significant.
What does a positive test result indicate in leg-length measurement?
What does a positive test result indicate in leg-length measurement?
Before checking for scoliosis, one must perform the __________ maneuver.
Before checking for scoliosis, one must perform the __________ maneuver.
What is the most common area of the body for avulsion fractures?
What is the most common area of the body for avulsion fractures?
Which of the following structures is NOT affected in internal snapping hip syndrome?
Which of the following structures is NOT affected in internal snapping hip syndrome?
Snapping hip syndrome is typically painful.
Snapping hip syndrome is typically painful.
What is the common name for the deep pain sign present with intra-articular snapping hip syndrome?
What is the common name for the deep pain sign present with intra-articular snapping hip syndrome?
Internal snapping hip syndrome typically affects structures represented by the acronym HIII, which stands for _____, Iliopsoas tendon, Iliofemoral ligament, and Iliopsoas bursal/capsular thickening.
Internal snapping hip syndrome typically affects structures represented by the acronym HIII, which stands for _____, Iliopsoas tendon, Iliofemoral ligament, and Iliopsoas bursal/capsular thickening.
Match the structures with their description in relation to internal snapping hip syndrome:
Match the structures with their description in relation to internal snapping hip syndrome:
What is the most likely common site of snapping hip syndrome?
What is the most likely common site of snapping hip syndrome?
Imaging is generally needed to rule out intra-articular conditions in snapping hip syndrome.
Imaging is generally needed to rule out intra-articular conditions in snapping hip syndrome.
What range of motion is most affected when a patient experiences snapping hip syndrome?
What range of motion is most affected when a patient experiences snapping hip syndrome?
What is a secondary predictor for presenting with Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)?
What is a secondary predictor for presenting with Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)?
Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) can be asymptomatic.
Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) can be asymptomatic.
The hallmark sign of hip osteoarthritis is decreased __________.
The hallmark sign of hip osteoarthritis is decreased __________.
Which of these options is NOT a risk factor associated with osteoarthritis (OA)?
Which of these options is NOT a risk factor associated with osteoarthritis (OA)?
Match the hip conditions with their associated risk factors for osteoarthritis:
Match the hip conditions with their associated risk factors for osteoarthritis:
Weight loss is beneficial for individuals with osteoarthritis.
Weight loss is beneficial for individuals with osteoarthritis.
What are the three abnormal sensations commonly reported with FAI?
What are the three abnormal sensations commonly reported with FAI?
For osteoarthritis, pain is most aggravating early in the __________.
For osteoarthritis, pain is most aggravating early in the __________.
What is a common outcome expected with accessory movements in an individual suffering from osteoarthritis?
What is a common outcome expected with accessory movements in an individual suffering from osteoarthritis?
A labral tear in the hip can present similarly to osteoarthritis.
A labral tear in the hip can present similarly to osteoarthritis.
What is the anticipated end feel when conducting a Scour test in someone with FAI?
What is the anticipated end feel when conducting a Scour test in someone with FAI?
The main location of injury in a labral tear is the __________ labrum.
The main location of injury in a labral tear is the __________ labrum.
What type of imaging is critical to differentiate between intra-articular pathologies?
What type of imaging is critical to differentiate between intra-articular pathologies?
What structural pathologies are linked with a labral tear?
What structural pathologies are linked with a labral tear?
A feeling of __________ can indicate instability in hip joint pathologies.
A feeling of __________ can indicate instability in hip joint pathologies.
Hip sprains are common injuries.
Hip sprains are common injuries.
What is the typical characteristic of pain associated with a hip muscular pathology?
What is the typical characteristic of pain associated with a hip muscular pathology?
The chronic MOI for a muscular pathology of the hip is due to __________ positions out of alignment.
The chronic MOI for a muscular pathology of the hip is due to __________ positions out of alignment.
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with a hip muscular pathology?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with a hip muscular pathology?
Match the type of hip pathology with the associated test:
Match the type of hip pathology with the associated test:
Pain from a hip muscular pathology is typically exacerbated by sustained postures.
Pain from a hip muscular pathology is typically exacerbated by sustained postures.
What is the primary chronic risk factor associated with hip muscular pathology due to hormonal changes?
What is the primary chronic risk factor associated with hip muscular pathology due to hormonal changes?
Joint play with hip muscular pathology is characterized as painful and __________.
Joint play with hip muscular pathology is characterized as painful and __________.
Which observation sign indicates a strain of the rectus femoris?
Which observation sign indicates a strain of the rectus femoris?
Point tenderness is not associated with hip muscular pathology.
Point tenderness is not associated with hip muscular pathology.
What does the degree difference in positioning between contralateral pelvic landmarks indicate for hip muscular pathology?
What does the degree difference in positioning between contralateral pelvic landmarks indicate for hip muscular pathology?
Ice and __________ are crucial for alleviating hip muscular pathology pain.
Ice and __________ are crucial for alleviating hip muscular pathology pain.
What should be done before palpating the hip area?
What should be done before palpating the hip area?
The patient can be in a supine position when palpating the hip area.
The patient can be in a supine position when palpating the hip area.
What is the primary anatomical structure affected by piriformis syndrome?
What is the primary anatomical structure affected by piriformis syndrome?
Acute bursitis typically presents with ________ and heat.
Acute bursitis typically presents with ________ and heat.
Rebound pain is a good sign for assessing bursitis.
Rebound pain is a good sign for assessing bursitis.
Name one common acute mechanism of injury associated with ischial bursitis.
Name one common acute mechanism of injury associated with ischial bursitis.
The two hip ROM movements affected by a mispositioned sciatic nerve are ________ rotation and ________ rotation.
The two hip ROM movements affected by a mispositioned sciatic nerve are ________ rotation and ________ rotation.
What is considered a red flag in bursal injuries?
What is considered a red flag in bursal injuries?
Match the type of bursitis with its characteristic description:
Match the type of bursitis with its characteristic description:
Trochanteric bursitis can cause crepitus during hip movements.
Trochanteric bursitis can cause crepitus during hip movements.
What anatomical structures are located between the ischial tuberosity and the greater trochanter?
What anatomical structures are located between the ischial tuberosity and the greater trochanter?
Piriformis syndrome is mainly caused by a ________ piriformis.
Piriformis syndrome is mainly caused by a ________ piriformis.
Which of the following movements would most likely aggravate trochanteric bursitis?
Which of the following movements would most likely aggravate trochanteric bursitis?
Pain with snapping hip syndrome is generally deep.
Pain with snapping hip syndrome is generally deep.
Flashcards
Ankylosing Spondylitis Symptoms
Ankylosing Spondylitis Symptoms
Morning stiffness/pain in the gluteal region, relieved by exercise and worsened by rest. Characterized by loss of lumbar lordosis, increased thoracic kyphosis, and limited joint mobility due to fusing joints.
Central Spinal Stenosis
Central Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal, often in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar regions, causing radicular pain, paresthesia, cramping, and weakness, exacerbated by walking/standing and relieved by sitting or flexion.
Central Stenosis Symptoms
Central Stenosis Symptoms
Pain, paresthesia, muscle weakness, and hyperreflexia (exaggerated reflexes) indicating an upper motor neuron lesion, worsened by extension and axial compression.
Central Stenosis Causes
Central Stenosis Causes
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Foraminal Stenosis Symptoms
Foraminal Stenosis Symptoms
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Diagnostic Tests for Central & Spinal Stenosis
Diagnostic Tests for Central & Spinal Stenosis
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Central vs. Foraminal Stenosis
Central vs. Foraminal Stenosis
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Spinal Stenosis
Spinal Stenosis
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Spondylolysis
Spondylolysis
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Spondylolisthesis
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Segmental Instability
Segmental Instability
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Anterolisthesis
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Retrolisthesis
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
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Osteopenia
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DEXA Scan
DEXA Scan
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T-score
T-score
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Sprain
Sprain
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Facet Joint Dysfunction
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Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
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Rib Joint Dysfunction
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Rib Sprain
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Hypomobility (Ribs)
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Hypermobility (Ribs)
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PAIVM (Thoracic)
PAIVM (Thoracic)
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PPIVM (Thoracic)
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Adverse Neurodynamics
Adverse Neurodynamics
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Disc Pathology
Disc Pathology
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Centralization
Centralization
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Morning/Night Pain
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Spurling's Test
Spurling's Test
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Cervical Compression
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Muscle Spasm
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Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency (VBI)
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency (VBI)
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Contraindications for Tests (PSycH)
Contraindications for Tests (PSycH)
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Precautions for Tests (SSS)
Precautions for Tests (SSS)
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Suitability for Tests
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Patient Consent
Patient Consent
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Symptom Exceedance
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Active vs Passive Tests
Active vs Passive Tests
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Symptom Provocation
Symptom Provocation
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Cranial Nerve Examination
Cranial Nerve Examination
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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
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Acute TOS
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Chronic TOS
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Blood Pressure Measurements
Blood Pressure Measurements
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Cervical Rotation
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Vascular Pain
Vascular Pain
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Neurological Pain
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TOS Pain Alleviation
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Point Tenderness
Point Tenderness
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Vascular TOS Changes
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Neurological TOS Changes
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Adson's Test
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Roos Test
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Scoliosis Observation
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Adam's Forward Bend
Adam's Forward Bend
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Leg Length Discrepancy
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Palpation Landmarking
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Breathing Assessment
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Heel Lift Intervention
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Leg Length Discrepancy Measurement
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Functional Leg Length Discrepancy
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Weber-Barstow Maneuver
Weber-Barstow Maneuver
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Iliopsoas Muscle
Iliopsoas Muscle
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Iliosacral Pathology
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Meralgia Paraesthetica
Meralgia Paraesthetica
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Iliac Crest Contusion (Hip Pointer)
Iliac Crest Contusion (Hip Pointer)
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Avulsion Fracture
Avulsion Fracture
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ASIS Avulsion Fracture
ASIS Avulsion Fracture
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Muscle Length Testing
Muscle Length Testing
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Iliosacral Assessment
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Scoliosis Check
Scoliosis Check
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Refer for Imaging
Refer for Imaging
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Avulsion Fracture MOI
Avulsion Fracture MOI
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Apophysitis
Apophysitis
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Osteitis Pubis
Osteitis Pubis
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Femoral Neck Stress Fracture
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Femoral Acetabular Impingement (FAI)
Femoral Acetabular Impingement (FAI)
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Types of FAI
Types of FAI
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FAI Onset
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FAI Symptoms
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FAI Differential Diagnosis
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FAI and Pelvic Rotation
FAI and Pelvic Rotation
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Avulsion Fracture vs. Apophysitis
Avulsion Fracture vs. Apophysitis
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Osteitis Pubis vs. Similar Conditions
Osteitis Pubis vs. Similar Conditions
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Stress Fracture Aggravating Factors
Stress Fracture Aggravating Factors
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Femoral Neck Stress Fracture and ROM
Femoral Neck Stress Fracture and ROM
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Snapping Hip Syndrome
Snapping Hip Syndrome
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External Snapping Hip Syndrome
External Snapping Hip Syndrome
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Internal Snapping Hip Syndrome
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Iliopsoas Tendon
Iliopsoas Tendon
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Intra-articular Snapping Hip Syndrome
Intra-articular Snapping Hip Syndrome
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Loose Body in the Hip Joint
Loose Body in the Hip Joint
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Labral Tear
Labral Tear
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C Sign
C Sign
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FAI asymptomatic?
FAI asymptomatic?
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FAI asymptomatic impact
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FAI main predictor
FAI main predictor
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FAI secondary predictor
FAI secondary predictor
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FAI secondary predictor difference
FAI secondary predictor difference
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Developmental FAI factors
Developmental FAI factors
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OA risk factors
OA risk factors
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Hip conditions and OA
Hip conditions and OA
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OA hallmark sign
OA hallmark sign
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OA vs. FAI
OA vs. FAI
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OA pain characteristics
OA pain characteristics
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FAI abnormal sensations
FAI abnormal sensations
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OA end feel
OA end feel
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FAI end feel
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Labral tear vs. OA
Labral tear vs. OA
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Hip Sprain - Commonality
Hip Sprain - Commonality
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Hip Sprain - Mechanism
Hip Sprain - Mechanism
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Hip Sprain - Aggravating Activities
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Hip Sprain - Aggravating Movements
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Hip Sprain - Pain Location
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Hip Sprain - Swelling
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Hip Muscular Pathology - Acute MOIs
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Hip Muscular Pathology - Chronic MOI
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Hip Muscular Pathology - High Risk Occupations
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Hip Muscular Pathology - Pain Characteristics
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Hip Muscular Pathology - Pain Aggravating Factors
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Hip Muscular Pathology - Pain Relief
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Hip Muscular Pathology - Stiffness
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Hip Muscular Pathology - Pain Radiation
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Hip Muscular Pathology - Observations
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Hip Palpation: Position to Avoid
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Hip Palpation: Pre-Palpation Steps
Hip Palpation: Pre-Palpation Steps
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Sensitive Area Palpation Aids
Sensitive Area Palpation Aids
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Piriformis Syndrome: Sciatic Nerve Location
Piriformis Syndrome: Sciatic Nerve Location
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Piriformis Syndrome: Sciatic Nerve Anomaly
Piriformis Syndrome: Sciatic Nerve Anomaly
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Piriformis Syndrome: Affected Hip Movements
Piriformis Syndrome: Affected Hip Movements
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Piriformis Syndrome: Sciatic Nerve Position Diagnosis
Piriformis Syndrome: Sciatic Nerve Position Diagnosis
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Sciatic Nerve Location: Palpation
Sciatic Nerve Location: Palpation
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Sciatica: Types
Sciatica: Types
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Pseudo Sciatica: Cause
Pseudo Sciatica: Cause
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Piriformis Syndrome: Sciatic Nerve Compression (Other Causes)
Piriformis Syndrome: Sciatic Nerve Compression (Other Causes)
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Piriformis Muscle Function: Above 60 Degrees Hip Flexion
Piriformis Muscle Function: Above 60 Degrees Hip Flexion
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Piriformis Muscle Function: Below 60 Degrees Hip Flexion
Piriformis Muscle Function: Below 60 Degrees Hip Flexion
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Bursitis: Definition
Bursitis: Definition
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Ischial Bursitis: Tendon Attachment
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Ankylosing Spondylitis
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Foraminal Stenosis
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Symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis
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Symptoms of Central Stenosis
Symptoms of Central Stenosis
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Symptoms of Foraminal Stenosis
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What distinguishes Ankylosing Spondylitis from other spinal conditions?
What distinguishes Ankylosing Spondylitis from other spinal conditions?
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What are the common causes of Central Spinal Stenosis?
What are the common causes of Central Spinal Stenosis?
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Costovertebral Expansion
Costovertebral Expansion
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VBI Common Symptoms
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VBI Provocative Factors
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TOS Causes
TOS Causes
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TOS Congenital Cause
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TOS Pain Location
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Neurological vs Vascular TOS Symptoms
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TOS Pain Quality
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TOS Diagnostic Tests
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TOS Treatment
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Anterolisthesis vs. Retrolisthesis
Anterolisthesis vs. Retrolisthesis
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Spondylolisthesis Symptoms
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Osteoporosis Risk Factors
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Osteoporosis Observation
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Sprain Symptoms
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Leg Length Discrepancy (LLD)
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True LLD
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Functional LLD
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ASIS to Medial Malleolus
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Functional LLD Assessment
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Asymptomatic FAI Impact
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OA vs. FAI - Location
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Hip OA Hallmark Sign
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OA vs. FAI - Motion Limitation
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Hip Labral Tear vs. Shoulder
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Labral Tear - End Feel
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Intra-Articular Tests - Limitation
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OA - Earliest Occurrence
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What is the main predictor of FAI?
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What is the main focus of treatment for snapping hip?
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Hip Sprain: Common?
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Hip Sprain: Deep or Superficial?
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Hip Muscular Pathology: Risk Factors
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Hip Muscular Pathology: Smoking Impact
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Hip Muscular Pathology: Pregnancy/Menstruation
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Hip Muscular Pathology: Pain Alleviating Factors
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Hip Muscular Pathology: Morning Stiffness
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Hip Muscular Pathology: Assessment in Weight-bearing
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Hip Palpation: Patient Position
Hip Palpation: Patient Position
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Hip Palpation: Preparation
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Palpating Sensitive Areas
Palpating Sensitive Areas
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Piriformis Syndrome: Affected Structure
Piriformis Syndrome: Affected Structure
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Sciatic Nerve: Normal Position
Sciatic Nerve: Normal Position
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Sciatic Nerve: Anatomical Anomaly
Sciatic Nerve: Anatomical Anomaly
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Sciatic Nerve Mispositioning: Effects
Sciatic Nerve Mispositioning: Effects
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Diagnosing Sciatic Nerve Mispositioning
Diagnosing Sciatic Nerve Mispositioning
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Types of Sciatica: Pseudo vs. True
Types of Sciatica: Pseudo vs. True
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Pseudo Sciatica: Primary Cause
Pseudo Sciatica: Primary Cause
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Piriformis Syndrome: Other Compression Causes
Piriformis Syndrome: Other Compression Causes
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Piriformis Function: Hip Flexion
Piriformis Function: Hip Flexion
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Ischial Bursitis: Common MOI
Ischial Bursitis: Common MOI
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External Snapping Hip Syndrome: Affected Structures
External Snapping Hip Syndrome: Affected Structures
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Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain
Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain
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Ankylosing Spondylitis Posture
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Spinal Stenosis Tests
Spinal Stenosis Tests
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Pain Provocation Testing
Pain Provocation Testing
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What is segmental instability?
What is segmental instability?
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What is a DEXA scan used for?
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What are the 5 key observation signs of osteoporosis?
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What are the 3 areas most susceptible to fragility fractures in osteoporosis?
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What is a Gower's sign?
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What is the relationship between spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
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Vascular TOS Pain
Vascular TOS Pain
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Neurological TOS Pain
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TOS Alleviation
TOS Alleviation
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TOS: Vascular Changes
TOS: Vascular Changes
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TOS: Neurological Changes
TOS: Neurological Changes
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TOS: Specific Tests
TOS: Specific Tests
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True vs. Functional Leg Length Discrepancy
True vs. Functional Leg Length Discrepancy
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Breathing Assessment in Scoliosis
Breathing Assessment in Scoliosis
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Scoliosis: Spinal Alignment Observation
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Scoliosis: Age and Gender
Scoliosis: Age and Gender
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VBI Primary Aggravator
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VBI Secondary Symptoms
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TOS Acute Causes
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TOS Chronic Causes
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Cervical Rib
Cervical Rib
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TOS Aggravating Movement
TOS Aggravating Movement
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TOS Observation
TOS Observation
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VBI Contributing Factors
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VBI Neurological Compromise
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Rib Sprain vs. Dysfunction
Rib Sprain vs. Dysfunction
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Rib Joint Dysfunction: Aggravating Factors
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Rib Joint Dysfunction: Observation
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Disc Pathology: Aggravating Factors
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Adverse Neurodynamics: Considerations
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Neurodynamic Tests: Centralization
Neurodynamic Tests: Centralization
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Neurodynamic Tests: Scanning Exam
Neurodynamic Tests: Scanning Exam
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Neurodynamic Tests: Motion Assessment
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FAI Development Factors
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Asymptomatic FAI
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Main FAI Predictor
Main FAI Predictor
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Osteoarthritis (OA) Definition
Osteoarthritis (OA) Definition
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Hip Conditions & OA Risk
Hip Conditions & OA Risk
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Similar Sign to OA
Similar Sign to OA
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OA vs FAI Lesion
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OA and Spondylosis Commonality
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Earliest OA Joint
Earliest OA Joint
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OA vs FAI Motion Restriction
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External Snapping Hip
External Snapping Hip
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Internal Snapping Hip
Internal Snapping Hip
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Intra-articular Snapping Hip
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What movements are most affected with snapping hip syndrome?
What movements are most affected with snapping hip syndrome?
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What structures must be palpated for hip pathology?
What structures must be palpated for hip pathology?
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Why can't a patient be in the supine position for hip palpation?
Why can't a patient be in the supine position for hip palpation?
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What 2 things must be done before hip palpation?
What 2 things must be done before hip palpation?
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What materials can be used for sensitive hip palpation?
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What is Piriformis Syndrome?
What is Piriformis Syndrome?
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What is the typical anatomical position of the sciatic nerve in relation to the piriformis?
What is the typical anatomical position of the sciatic nerve in relation to the piriformis?
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What anatomical anomaly can occur with the sciatic nerve and piriformis?
What anatomical anomaly can occur with the sciatic nerve and piriformis?
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What 2 hip movements are affected when the sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis?
What 2 hip movements are affected when the sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis?
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How can you diagnose sciatic nerve mispositioning in relation to the piriformis?
How can you diagnose sciatic nerve mispositioning in relation to the piriformis?
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Describe the location of the sciatic nerve.
Describe the location of the sciatic nerve.
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What are the 2 types of sciatica?
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What is the primary cause of pseudo sciatica?
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What are 4 other ways the sciatic nerve might be compressed?
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What is the function of the piriformis beyond 60 degrees of hip flexion?
What is the function of the piriformis beyond 60 degrees of hip flexion?
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What is the function of the piriformis below 60 degrees of hip flexion?
What is the function of the piriformis below 60 degrees of hip flexion?
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What is Bursitis?
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Hip Muscular Pathology
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Hip Muscular Pathology Aggravating Factors
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Hip Muscular Pathology Alleviating Factors
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Hip AROM/PROM with Muscular Pathology
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Hip Strength with Muscular Pathology
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Hip Muscle Length Testing
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Adverse Neurodynamic Assessment with Hip Muscular Pathology
Adverse Neurodynamic Assessment with Hip Muscular Pathology
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Rectus Femoris Pathology
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Iliopsoas Pathology
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Hamstring Pathology
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IT Band Pathology
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Piriformis Pathology
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Adductor Pathology
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Sartorius Pathology
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Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain Location
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Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain Pattern
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Central Spinal Stenosis Description
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Central Spinal Stenosis Symptoms
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Foraminal Stenosis Location
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Central vs Foraminal Stenosis Difference
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What aggravates spondylolisthesis?
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What is the objective measuring tool for osteoporosis?
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Sprain (spine)
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What aggravates facet joint dysfunction?
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What alleviates facet joint dysfunction?
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Why is it important to know whether it is stenosis or a disc pathology?
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TOS: Acute vs. Chronic
TOS: Acute vs. Chronic
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Rest
Rest
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Rib Dysfunction
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Rib Motion
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1st Rib Mobility
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Measuring Leg Length Discrepancy
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Pain Aggravating Factors
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Snapping Hip Syndrome ADL
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Snapping Hip Syndrome ROM
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Snapping Hip Syndrome Special Tests
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Hip palpation position
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Hip palpation procedure
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Piriformis syndrome impact
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Sciatic nerve location
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Abnormal sciatic nerve position
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Hip ROM affected by sciatic nerve piercing
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Piriformis syndrome special tests
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Bursitis MOI
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Bursitis signs and symptoms
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Trochanteric bursitis MOI
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Trochanteric bursitis movement aggravation
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Ischial bursitis attachment
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Ischial bursitis most affected movement
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Ischial bursitis muscle groups involved
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Hip Sprain Aggravating Factors
Hip Sprain Aggravating Factors
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Hip Muscular Pathology Observation Signs
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Hip Muscular Pathology AROM and PROM
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Hip Muscular Pathology Strength Testing
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Hip Muscular Pathology Length Testing
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Rectus Femoris Pathology Special Tests
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Iliopsoas Pathology Special Tests
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Hamstring Pathology Special Tests
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IT Band Pathology Special Tests
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Hip OA Risk Factors
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FAI & OA Similarities
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OA & FAI Lesion Difference
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Joint Narrowing in Arthritis
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Hip OA Onset
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FAI vs. OA Differentiation
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Intra-articular Pathology Assessment
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Study Notes
Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Affected structures: Gluteal muscles, spinal joints.
- Definition: Chronic inflammatory condition affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to stiffness and pain.
- Mechanism of Injury (MOI): Not directly stated but implied as inflammatory.
- Symptoms (S/S):
- Morning stiffness, worse in morning.
- Relieved by exercise, increased by rest.
- Pain in gluteal muscles.
- Loss of lumbar lordosis, Increased thoracic kyphosis.
- Compensatory flexion at hips/knees.
- Decreased range of motion (ROM) and accessory movements.
- Positive pain provocation testing of the SI joints.
- Risk factors: Males, age range of 20s and 40s.
Central Stenosis
- Affected structures: Spinal canal.
- Definition: Narrowing of the spinal canal, compressing the spinal cord and/or nerves.
- MOI: Narrowing, possibly from facet arthritis, disc degeneration etc.
- S/S:
- Pain, radicular.
- Paresthesia.
- Cramping/ weakness.
- DTR: hyperreflexive (grades 3 or 4).
- Pain worse with walking/ standing, better with sitting/ flexion.
- Can be bilateral.
- Risk factors: Age 50+.
- Possible causes: Facet arthritis, disc degeneration, ligament remodeling/degeneration, tumors, spondylolisthesis.
Foraminal Stenosis
- Affected structures: Intervertebral foramen.
- Definition: Narrowing of the intervertebral foramen, causing compression of spinal nerve roots.
- MOI: Narrowing from bony overgrowth, similar to central stenosis.
- S/S: Similar to central stenosis but unilateral (possible bilateral foraminal). Symptoms may be confused for central stenosis. Important to consider which nerve root is affected to differentiate from central stenosis.
- Risk factors: High risk depending on location / pathology, similar to central stenosis.
- Differentiation from other causes: Confirmation requires imaging; possible interventions for disc pathology can be treated but not bony stenosis.
Spondylolysis/ Spondylolisthesis
- Affected Structures: Vertebrae (pars interarticularis), spinal segment
- Definition:
- Spondylolysis: fracture or defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebra, often unilateral.
- Spondylolisthesis: forward or backward slippage of a vertebra.
- MOI: Often repetitive extension/ quadrant positions, habitual postures, degenerative/cumulative trauma.
- S/S:
- Pain, mainly lumbar.
- Aggravated by extension, sustained standing.
- Possible radicular symptoms (unilateral or bilateral depending on instability and/or nerve root compression)
- Risk Factors: Adolescents (10-25y/o) and athletes with repetitive extension/ rotation. Females are more likely to transition from spondylolysis to spondylolisthesis, associated with female athlete triad.
- Observations:
- Increased lordosis.
- Step deformity.
- Muscle spasm, aberrant movement (with flexion to extension).
- Palpation/ Movements: muscle spasm, hamstring tightness, painful/restricted AROM, instability jog and Gower’s sign, painful/increased segmental mobility (PPIVMs, PAIVMs, RIM).
Osteoporosis
-
Affected structures: Bone tissue.
-
Definition: Loss of bone density, increasing risk of fragility fractures.
-
MOI: Degeneration, possibly related to sedentary lifestyle, excessive force, or age.
-
Risk factors: Female, Caucasian, Asian, age (50+), sedentary lifestyle, smoking, MVAs, alcohol consumption, corticosteroid use, and decreased body weight.
-
S/S:
- Posture changes (forward head, kyphosis, scoliosis, Dowager's hump, protruding abdomen).
-
Diagnostics: DEXA scans (measuring T-scores).
-
Treatment focus: Referral for fragility fracture assessment/ intervention.
Sprain
- Affected structures: Musculature and ligaments.
- Definition: Acute injury to ligaments, joint capsule causing pain, stiffness, decreased ROM, and pain upon movement.
- MOIs: Sudden, unexpected, or excessive movement; compressive forces.
- Risk factors: Occupations/sports requiring repetitive spinal extension or rotation.
- S/S: Localized pain, sharp/stabbing pain, pain with movement.
- Assessments: Quadrant examination (important).
Disc Pathology
- Affected structures: Intervertebral discs.
- Definition: Degeneration of the intervertebral discs, common cause of pain and other symptoms.
- MOI: Repetitive movement, cumulative trauma, micro trauma, postural imbalances, often aggravated with activities opening up the intervertebral space.
- S/S: Viable pain characteristics, often worse in the morning/ evening, pain relieved by supine positioning. Localized or radiating; aggravated with flexion, coughing/sneezing, movements that open/close the joint space.
Spinal Muscular Pathology
- Affected structures: Muscles of the spine.
- Definition: Condition affecting one or more muscles in the torso area.
- MOI: Acute: sudden/unexpected movement, compressive forces. Chronic: habitual postures, lifting, running impacting the injured muscle.
- S/S: Dull, aching, stiff, tight pain worsened by movements, especially repetitive movements, sustained postures.
Adverse Neurodynamics
- Affected structures: Nerves.
- Definition: Injury or irritated nerves potentially from various impairments.
- MOI: (SSSIIICTEDP): Scarring, surgery, space-occupying lesions, immobilization, inflammation, injections, compression/ischemia, traction/vibrations, electrical injury, disc pathology , poor posture.
- S/S: Mobility often painful and reduced, overt abnormalities may or may not be apparent.
- Assessments: Scanning the patient, motion assessment (ex. Slump, UTTs, SLR, Tinel’s, brachial plexus traction testing, 1st T nerve root stretch, Prone knee bend, Bowstring)
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
- Affected Structures: Vertebral artery, brain stem, nerve, or other vasculature.
- Definition: Reduced blood flow to the brain stem/cerebrum due to narrowed or compromised vertebral arteries.
- MOI: MVAs, whiplash, repetitive cervical rotation/extension.
- Risk Factors: Older age (>50), males, occupations/sports requiring repetitive cervical rotation or extension; smoking, history of CV diseases, (ex. Rheumatoid arthritis).
- S/S: Visual disturbances, headache, loss of consciousness, gait disturbances, UE paresthesia, dizziness, slurred speech, nystagmus, diplopia, drop attacks, dysphasia, tinnitus (asymmetric or widespread), facial paresthesia. Worsened by Cervical rotation/extension.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
- Affected Structures: Nerves and blood vessels passing through the thoracic outlet.
- Definition: Compression of the brachial plexus and/or subclavian vessels.
- MOI: Acute (clavicle fracture, muscle strain/whiplash); chronic (poor posture, tight muscles, congenital issues).
- Risk factors: Female, repetitive overhead positions, sitting in specific positions over a long period (ex desk jobs), MVAs, smoking.
- S/S: Pain (anywhere in the upper extremity). Possible unilateral or bilateral. May radiate throughout the nerve distribution (and/or distal, ex. hand), but also can occur from inflammation or compression from the muscles (ex. burning, sharp, electrical). Vascular (more distal and involves skin temperature, pulsation, and/or swelling).
Scoliosis
- Affected structures: Spinal column.
- Definition: Lateral curvature of the spine.
- MOI: Repetitive movements, uneven loads, postural imbalances, muscle imbalances.
- Risk factors: Younger patients, often females. Related to asymmetric changes in height and rapid weight changes. May be related to anthropometrics.
- S/S: Visual; Asymmetrical spinal processes, shoulder levels, ribs, pelvis. Breathing assessment (symmetry of the thorax).
Leg Length Discrepancies
- Affected structures: Femur, tibia, fibula.
- Definition: Significant difference in the lengths of the lower limbs, although 1-1.5cm is considered normal.
- MOI: Trauma, congenital maldevelopment.
- S/S: May not present with obvious pain, but can be functionally present through compensatory posture.
- Assessment: Comparing lengths from an anatomical landmark (ASIS to medial or lateral malleolus while supine).
Functional Leg Length Discrepancy
- Affected Structures: Pelvic positioning, soft tissue, musculature.
- Definition: Adaptive or compensatory posture resulting in shortening of one side of the lower quadrant.
- MOI: Iliosacral pathology, compensation over time.
- S/S: Different measurement compared to True Leg Length Discrepancy, likely presenting with compensatory posture .
- Assessment: Measurement of umbilicus to medial malleolus on one side compared to the other
Pelvis/ SI Pathology
- Affected structures: SI (sacroiliac) joint and pelvic musculature.
- Definition: Condition affecting the Si joint or musculature, presenting with pain in the pelvis.
- MOI: Falls, repetitive motions/stress.
- S/S: Pain can be in the gluteal region or pelvis.
- Assessments: Identify any abnormal or provocative movements.
Avulsion Fracture
- Affected Structures: Bone attachments.
- Definition: Tendon/ligament pulls away from the bone at the attachment point.
- MOI: Sudden start, change in direction, forceful rotation, often within the younger population.
- S/S: Pain, swelling, deformity, limited weight bearing, tenderness to the sight of fracture, possible antalgic gait (avoiding pain by limping or otherwise).
Apophysitis
-
Affected Structures: Secondary ossification centers of bones.
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Definition: Condition involving inflammation (ex. bone spurs) or a stressed/stretched secondary ossification center.
-
MOI: Repetitive stress to the bone at the attachments, common within skeletally immature individuals.
-
S/S: Dull, aching pain, possible swelling, limited ROM, tenderness.
Osteitis Pubis
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Affected structures: Pubic symphysis and surrounding muscle attachments.
-
Definition: Inflammatory condition at the pubic symphysis, due usually to repetitive loading on the region.
-
MOI: Repetitive and/or sudden stressing of the joint and surrounding muscles, not restricted to movement of pubic symphisial region.
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Risk factors: Skeletally mature males, involving common sports like ice or kicking sports.
-
S/S: Pain at pubic symphysis or adductor muscle zone, painful ROM; localized pain with isometric hip adduction and trunk flexion, changes in COD, leg stance, or antalgic gait.
Stress Fractures (femoral neck)
- Affected structures: Femur.
- Definition: Partial or incomplete break in the bone due to repetitive loading.
- MOI: Increased training load, activity, often insidious onset.
- S/S: Deep aching pain, increased with activity (or even after the activity has ceased), pain present at night, limited ROM (especially at extremes of flexion/extension).
- Distinguishing factors: Duration of symptoms, training level, and whether there are simultaneous symptoms with a reported tendinopathy that is not resolving.
Femoral Acetabular Impingement (FAI)
- Affected Structures: Femoral head, acetabulum.
- Definition: Bony irregularities of the femoral head and/or acetabulum.
- MOI: Insidious onset often secondary to excessive or improper movement of the joint (ex. repeated over-extension).
- Types: Cam (femoral head shape), Pincer (acetabulum shape), and mixed.
- Risk factors: May be congenital or developed (via habitual postures, or pelvic positioning/posture); often in individuals with longstanding groin pain and may or may not be asymptomatic.
- S/S: Pinching feeling in the hip joint (may or may not be overt), worsened/ provoked with specific movements, pain or discomfort is possible in specific positions.
- Assessment: Specialized movements (ex. FADDIR) may provoke pain, crepitus, or limited ROM. Imaging needed to confirm diagnosis.
Hip Osteoarthritis
- Affected structures: Acetabulum and femoral head.
- Definition: Degenerative/inflammatory changes to the hip joint.
- MOI: Commonly chronic, secondary to trauma, or irregular biomechanical stress over time.
- Risk Factors: Increased with age, females, weight, activity levels (sedentary or over-active), family history. Several hip conditions are risk factors.
- S/S: Achy or sharp pain, stiffness, weakness, decreased ROM (Internal Rotation is very common). Crepitus, clicking, and grinding possible; more overt presentation than FAI; worse during the morning and toward the end of the day.
- Assessment: Note for any of the "intra-articular" movement tests (Ex. FABER, FADDIR etc.)
Labral Tear
- Affected structures: Hip labrum.
- Definition: Injury to the cartilage ring surrounding the hip socket.
- MOI: Often an acute injury, but may start insidiously from various postural issues.
- Risk factors: Structural/biomechanical issue, degeneration, postural dysfunction.
- S/S: Intra-articular clicking, catching, popping, instability. Pain worse typically in movements changing from flexion to extension, and pain may be present (variable) in general motion.
- Assessment: Labral tests (ex. scower, sign of the buttock)
Hip Sprains
- Affected structures: Ligaments around the hip joint.
- Definition: Injury to ligaments related to over-extension of the joint.
- MOI: Trunk rotation with a fixed limb, often related to specific sports activities (running, cutting).
- S/S: Deep pain, worsening with running or cutting, decreased ROM, and pain in specific hip movements.
Hip Muscular Pathology
- Affected structures: Hip muscles.
- Definition: Injury involving hip or pelvic musculature, causing pain/altered movement in the joint.
- MOI: Acute: sudden/unexpected movement/ forces. Chronic: habitual posture/activity overuse.
- Risk factors: Lifting, running, jumping, sudden change of direction, potentially related to smoking and potentially pregnancy/menstrual cycle.
- S/S: Dull, aching, stiff, tight. Worsened by specific positions and/or movements.
Piriformis Syndrome
- Affected structure: Piriformis muscle, sciatic nerve.
- Definition: Condition in which the piriformis muscle irritates the sciatic nerve, often due to structural variation.
- MOI: Often insidious (chronic), but can also occur from trauma.
- Risk Factors: Various types of positions/activities, but is associated typically with positional change and/or trauma.
- S/S: Pain and potential numbness or altered sensation along the sciatic nerve's path; pain worsened may be typically associated with movements potentially aggravating piriformis muscle (Ex. SLR, Slump, piriformis MMT)
- Assessment: Specific tests for piriformis, sciatic nerve location, and other relevant movements.
Bursitis (Hip)
-
Affected structures: Bursal sac.
-
Definition: Inflammation of the fluid-filled sac surrounding the hip structures.
-
MOI: Mechanical (movement over time), Chemical (not within context), Septic (infection).
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S/S: Pain at the site, possible swelling and heat.
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Assessments: Note for symmetry, swelling, warmth, pain with movement.
Trochanteric Bursitis
- Affected structures: Trochanteric bursa.
- Definition: Inflammation of the bursa located near the greater trochanter.
- MOI: Running mechanics/improper running surfaces (e.g., down hill, no banking), biomechanics, postural irregularities.
- S/S: Pain in the greater trochanter, pain during hip flexion/extension, Internal/External rotation. possible crepitus.
- Assessment: Repetitive motion or posture specific tests to provoke pain. Ober’s Test, and other repetitive/provocative tests to narrow down cause.
Ischial Bursitis
- Affected structures: Ischial bursa.
- Definition: Inflammation of the ischial bursa.
- MOI: Falling directly on it; repetitive sitting and joint motions irritating the bursa. Proximal hamstring irritation.
- S/S: Pain in the posterior aspect of the buttock. Localized, antalgic (painful) gait, pain in ROM flexion and extension.
- Assessment: Localized pain and provoked motion in the region.
Snapping Hip Syndrome (Internal & External)
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Definition: Syndrome where the tendons & tissue, such as IT band in external, and iliopsoas or other structures in internal, pass over other structures in the hip causing a "snapping" sound.
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**Internal:**iliopsoas tendon/iliofemoral ligament on femoral head.
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**External:**IT band over greater trochanter (likely).
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MOI: Usually related to repetitive motion, and/or posture/ activity.
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Risk Factors: Postural misalignment and/or related. Internal more closely associated with hip abduction/ adduction/ external rotation.
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S/S: snapping pain or sound in the specific region (pain or no pain depending on the nature of the snapping hip), but may present in different hip movement patterns.
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Assessment: Careful examination and provocation within those specific movements.
Intra-articular Hip Syndrome
- Affected Structures: Structures within the hip joint/musculature, and the associated bony/ligamentous attachments that would otherwise affect the joint.
- Definition: Condition affecting the structures within the hip joint.
- MOI: Various intra-articular pathologies/ lesions
- Risk Factors: Various types of intra-articular pathologies. Structural, postural, and movement irregularities.
- S/S: Pain in groin, anterior hip, thigh. Common with pivoting and/or affected stance/ weight bearing.
- Assessment: Intra-articular tests (Ex. FABER, FADDIR, Scouring etc)
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