Animation History Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What technique did Max Fleischer invent in 1915 to enhance the realism of animation?

  • Translucent Cels
  • Panning camera
  • Rotoscope (correct)
  • Background drawings

    • Which of the following best describes one of Walt Disney's strategies in the animation industry?

  • Emphasizing spontaneous storylines
  • Creating multiple films each year
  • Character-centric strategy (correct)
  • Focus on adult-targeted audiences

    • Who were known as the Nine Old Men of Disney animation?

  • A group of influential animators at Disney (correct)
  • Founders of Pixar Animation Studios
  • Animators who created the first Technicolor film
  • Pioneers of the rotoscope

    • What was one significant contribution of Bray and Earl Hurd to animation technology?

    <p>Creating the registration peg for drawing alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first animated film to win an Academy Award for animation?

    <p>Flowers &amp; Trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innovative animation technique is used by UPA Limited Animation?

    <p>Frame Per Second on twos / threes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which director is NOT associated with Warner Bros Cartoons?

    <p>Norman McLaren</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a focus of the National Film Board of Canada under John Grierson's leadership?

    <p>Experimental forms of animation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Aardman Animations?

    <p>Specializes in stop motion animation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as Russia's first animator?

    <p>Ladislaw Starewicz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following films did Micha l Dudok de Wit win an Academy Award for?

    <p>Father and Daughter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animation is characterized by the use of clay figures?

    <p>Clay Animation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence drove the large-scale development of animation in Russia?

    <p>Politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between 8 frames per second and 24 frames per second in animation?

    <p>24 frames allow for clearer and more fluid motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a major genre of Japanese Anime?

    <p>Western</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant impact of the rise of Original Video Animation (OVA)?

    <p>It established a new business model for high quality anime production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which creative source heavily influences Japanese anime?

    <p>Manga</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the characters in Japanese Anime is true?

    <p>Stylized characters are a common feature in Japanese Anime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the pioneering works of Japanese animation created in 1963?

    <p>Astro Boy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of animation production did Xerox technology significantly enhance?

    <p>Creative alternatives for animators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the founders of the Chinese animation industry?

    <p>The Wan Brothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of dynamic simulation in computer animation?

    <p>It is used for modelling elements like hair and fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is NOT typically associated with optical effects?

    <p>Motion-capture Animation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pre-visualization (pre-viz) in film production?

    <p>To visualize complex scenes before actual filming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage is directly related to the use of digital effects?

    <p>Time savings in certain film genres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a digital backlot?

    <p>A set shot entirely against a green screen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves incorporating computer graphics into live-action footage?

    <p>Motion Tracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes crowd animation?

    <p>Simulating large numbers of animated characters and vehicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options refers to the atmospheric effects in film?

    <p>Effects that enhance the mood and setting, like rain or fog.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as 'The Father of the Animated Cartoon'?

    <p>Emile Cohl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creative technique is essential to the process of animation?

    <p>Frame-by-frame alteration of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animated film is considered the first to include animated sequences recorded on standard picture film?

    <p>The Enchanted Drawing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many individual drawings did Winsor McCay create for his first animated cartoon 'Little Nemo'?

    <p>4,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was 'Fantasmagorie' released?

    <p>1908</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animator was known for both stop-motion and drawn animation techniques?

    <p>James Stuart Blackton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which field did Winsor McCay initially gain recognition before animation?

    <p>Newspaper cartooning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these pioneers is associated with the founding of Vitagraph Studios?

    <p>J.Stuart Blackton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was significant about Tony de Peltrie in the context of animation?

    <p>It was the first character to express real emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company did Langlois establish after leaving the Centre d'animatique?

    <p>Softimage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animation technique was pioneered by the National Film Board of Canada in 1971?

    <p>Computer key frame animation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What achievement is Robert Abel & Associates best known for in the context of CGI?

    <p>Producing the ad 'Brilliance - The Sexy Robot' for the Super Bowl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was created by George Lucas as an independent computer lab?

    <p>The Lucas Graphics Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the breakthrough effects featured in the film 'The Abyss' directed by Cameron?

    <p>A realistic 3D alien character made of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animator was expelled from Disney for pursuing computer graphics?

    <p>John Lasseter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major benefit does computer animation offer over traditional animation according to the content?

    <p>It allows for much more realistic rendering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mock Exam Information

    • Exam duration: 45 minutes
    • Put student ID card on table
    • Leave notes, books, and phones under chair

    Exam Format

    • 2 hours long
    • 10 Multiple Choice Questions (20%)
    • 3 Short Answer Questions (50%)
    • 1 Long Answer Question (30%)

    Exam Reminders

    • Be punctual (arrive at least 15 minutes before start)
    • Bring student ID card
    • Answer every question
    • Do not participate in dishonest activities
    • Apply for deferral if unable to attend

    Course Recap - What is Animation?

    • Animation is the creative interpretation of motion
    • Drawings, objects, or characters are filmed frame-by-frame
    • Alterations are made between each frame to create the illusion of movement

    Early Animation Pioneers

    • Emile Cohl (1857-1938, French) - "Father of the Animated Cartoon"
      • Created a surrealistic cartoon style, pre-dating Disney and Warner Bros' realism.
      • Famous work: Fantasmagorie (1908)
    • J. Stuart Blackton (1875-1941, American) - Considered the father of American animation.
      • Created the first silent film with animated sequences (The Enchanted Drawing, 1900)
      • Used stop motion and drawn animation techniques.
      • Founder of Vitagraph Studios.
      • Famous work: Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906).
    • Winsor McCay (1871-1934, American)
      • Started as a newspaper cartoonist, gaining national reputation for "Little Nemo in Slumberland" and "Dreams of a Rarebit Fiend".
      • Took four years to create his animated cartoon "Little Nemo" (1911).
      • Famous work: "Gertie the Dinosaur" (1913)
    • John R. Bray (1879-1978) & Earl Hurd (1880-1940)
      • Invented and patented the use of large background drawings and panning camera in 1915, becoming a standard for hand-drawn animation.
      • Patented Translucent Cels and Registration Peg for drawing alignment.

    Golden Age of American Animation (1930s-1960s)

    • Walt Disney (1901-1966)
      • Entrepreneur, animator, film producer.
      • Pioneer of the animation industry.
      • Walt Disney Company subsidiaries include Pixar, Marvel, Lucas Films, Disneyland Resorts, ABC network, ESPN.
      • Company net worth US$74.9 billion (at time of assessment)
    • Walt Disney Strategies
      • Heavily invested in advanced technologies
      • Introduced one feature film per year model
      • Set up animation assembly lines
      • Developed a character-centric strategy
      • Founded the business model (copyright/centric) for animation studios.
      • Funded CalArts
    • Flowers & Trees - Silly Symphonies (1932)
      • First commercially released full-color film using the three-strip Technicolor process.
      • First animated film to receive an Academy Award for animation.
    • The Nine Old Men
      • Les Clark
      • Marc Davis
      • Ollie Johnston
      • Milt Kahl
      • Eric Larson
      • John Lounsbery
      • Wolfgang Reitherman
      • Frank Thomas
      • Ward Kimball
    • Disney's Legacy
      • Set the standard for top-notch animation assembly lines.
      • Raised the bar for feature animation.
      • Created many cartoon superstars.
      • Provided a business model for animation studios.
      • Funded CalArts.

    Max Fleischer

    • Invented the rotoscope technique in 1915.
    • This technique traced motion picture footage to create lifelike animation.

    UPA Limited Animation

    • Broadcast medium (theatre vs. television)
    • Frame per second, limited to 8 frames.
    • Horizontal movement, limited perspective.
    • Repeated footage (running gag).
    • Interesting background music and dialogue.

    Warner Bros Cartoons

    • Chuck Jones
    • Friz Freleng
    • Robert McKimson
    • Tex Avery
    • Robert Clampett
    • Frank Tashlin

    National Film Board of Canada (NFB)

    • John Grierson arrived from England in 1939.
    • First director of the NFB
    • In 1941 he appointed Norman McLaren to head the NFB's animation department.
    • Explore experimental forms to establish an identity.
    • Differentiate animation from commercial mainstream of the USA.

    British Animation

    • Halas & Batchelor (1940), affectionately referred to as the British Disney.
    • Aardman Animations (1972), stop motion animation.

    Dutch Animation

    • Hungarian émigré George Pal, established puppet animation tradition in the Netherlands during 1930s.
    • Michaël Dudok de Wit, won an Academy Award for Animated Short Film (Father and Daughter, 2000) and was nominated for Animated Feature (The Red Turtle, 2016).

    French Animation

    • Tradition since pioneering days of Charles-Emile Reynaud, Georges Méliés, and Emile Cohl.
    • Passion for cinema, animation, and comic books.
    • Independent movies from directors like Michel Ocelot and Sylvain Chomet.

    Russian Animation

    • Large-scale development driven by politics rather than economics.
    • Ladislaw Starevicz, hailed as Russia's first animator for 1910 stop motion work.
    • Used dead insects.
    • Animators experimented with techniques, including puppet animation, painting on glass, and cutouts.
    • Examples: Fyodor Khitruk's Story of One Crime (1962) and Yuri Norstein's Hedgehog in the Fog (1975).

    Stop-motion Animation

    • A. Clay Animation (Claymation)
    • B. Pixillation
    • C. Model/Puppet Animation
    • D. Cutout Animation

    Stop-motion Animation Masters

    • Ladislaw Starevicz (1882-1965) - Father of stop-motion animation, used insects and other animals in films.
    • Willis Harold O'Brien (1886-1962) - American pioneer of motion picture special effects, stop motion animator with works like The Lost World, King Kong, and Mighty Joe Young (1950 Academy Award).
    • Ray Harryhausen (1920-2013) - American visual effects, invented "Dynamation"
    • Phil Tippett (1951 - ) - Visual effects supervisor & producer specialized in creature & character animation. Worked with Star Wars, Robocop and Jurassic Park.

    Aardman

    • Founded in 1972 by Peter Lord and David Sproxton in Bristol.
    • Known for stop-motion clay animation techniques.
    • Nick Park joined in 1985, producing the Oscar-winning Wallace and Gromit series.

    LAIKA

    • Laika Entertainment (previously Will Vinton Studio), re-purposed into a feature film production studio in 2002.
    • Joined by Henry Selick to produce Coraline.
    • Other productions include ParaNorman, Boxtrolls, and Kubo and the Two Strings.

    Japanese Pioneers

    • Kenzō Masaoka
    • Masao Kumakawa
    • Yasuji Mori
    • Akira Daikubara (UPA)
    • Yasuo Ōtsuka

    Osamu Tezuka

    • Most important and famous person in manga history.
    • "God of Manga"
    • Works include:
      • 火の鳥
      • Black Jack
      • 怪醫秦博士
      • AstroBoy
      • 小白獅
      • 三眼神童
      • 藍寶石王子(リボン
    • Introduced innovative movie techniques to manga creation.
    • Expanded audience base to adult readers.
    • Found his way into the TV animation market.

    Astro Boy (1963)

    • Runaway success, rating roars above 40% on local TV.
    • One half-hour show a week, to produce volume.

    Tezuka's Approach

    • Bank system
    • Emphasis on storyboards
    • Refinement of still images
    • Distinctive sound production

    Japanese Anime vs American Animation

    • Frame per second (8 vs 24 frames per second)
    • Emphasis on layout vs motion
    • Broadcast medium (TV vs Theatre)
    • Creative source (Manga vs Screenwriter)

    Japanese Anime Properties

    • More detailed and stylized characters
    • Wide variety of age groups and genres
    • Heavily influenced by by-products

    Important Anime Works

    (Dates and Titles)

    • Astro Boy (1963)
    • Space Cruiser Yamato (1974)
    • Mobile Suit Gundam (1979)
    • Macross (1982)
    • Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984)
    • Akira (1988)
    • Ghost in the Shell (1995)
    • Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995)
    • Perfect Blue (1997)
    • The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006)

    C. Major Genres

    • Mecha
    • Sports
    • Science Fiction (Sci-fi)
    • Romance
    • Comedy

    Xerox Popularity

    • Reduced workload of repetitive tasks in animation production.
    • Provided new creative alternatives to comic artists and animators.

    Impact of VHS

    • Audience ownership of favorite anime.
    • Rise of Original Video Animation (OVA) as a business model.
    • Video replay helped up and coming animators improve by studying the masters.

    Sakuga Artists

    • Mitsuo Iso
    • Yoshimichi Kameda
    • Toshiyuki Inoue
    • You Yoshinari
    • Yutaka Nakamura

    Conclusion

    • Japanese anime is unique to its cultural and social environment, making replication hard
    • Tight integration of manga, toys, and anime provided a clear business model, but limited growth direction.
    • Anime genre diversity is unmatched in other societies, influencing global anime lovers.

    Animation in Greater China

    • The Wan Brothers
      • Early 20th century, Nanjing, China
      • Founders and pioneers of Chinese animation industry
      • Made the first Asian animation feature-length film "Princess Iron Fan" (1941)
    • Havoc in Heaven (大鬧天宮)
      • Adaptation of the novel "Journey to the West"
      • Directed by Wan Lai Ming and produced by the Wan brothers.
      • Produced during the height of the Chinese animation industry in the 1960s.
      • Received numerous international awards.
    • Te Wei (特偉, 1915-2010)
      • Influential Chinese animation artist.
      • Supervisor of Shanghai Animation Film Studio since 1957.
      • Notable works in Chinese ink and paint series.

    The 1980s Reform Period

    • Animation development stalled in the 1960s and 70s
    • Brief recovery occurred in the 1980s.
    • Open economy increased exposure to Japanese and American programs.
    • Audience's aesthetic standards changed.

    Reform at the Millennium

    • Survey showed Japan dominated top 20 animated shows (with Tom and Jerry as the only exception).
    • SAFS attempted to create Japanese-styled anime "Music Up" to target young adults in 2001.

    Early 2000s TV Animation

    • China's rise as a global economic power during the "Socialist Market Economy Period."
    • Central policy encouraged local animation productions.
    • Paola Voci documented TV animation growth.
    • Grew from 12,000 minutes in 2003 to 100,000 minutes by 2007

    OEM Animation of Taiwan

    • Taiwanese economy's growth, appreciation of the Taiwan dollar.
    • Lack of cheap labor resulted in OEM production to Mainland China (Shenzhen, Shanghai, Suzhou etc)
    • Wang Film productions struggled to create original feature films.

    1970s to 1980s in Taiwan

    • Marshall law suspended, creativity increased.
    • Demand of Japanese and US animated productions lead to more OEM work in Taiwan.
    • Wang Film, at the time, led the market for these productions.

    1990s Taiwan

    • Taiwan dollar value appreciation, removing cheap labor advantages.
    • OEM production moved towards newly open Mainland China market (Shenzhen, Shanghai, Suzhou etc)
    • Wang Film production struggled with original feature films.

    Government Policy in Taiwan

    • Taiwan government lacks well-planned policy for comics and animation.
    • Comics under Ministry of Culture, animation under Ministry of Commerce.
    • 臺灣新聞局 (Taiwan News Agency) introduced a patronage program.

    Taiwan Local Productions

    • Original animation focused on local topics.
    • Example: "Grandma and Her Ghosts" (1998, directed by 王小棣).

    Hong Kong Animation

    • Early success with Old Master Q (1983), although produced in Taiwan.
    • Computer animation rapidly increased in the 21st century.
    • Subjects of animated productions became localized in this period.

    Imagi Studios

    • Founded in 2000.
    • Works include:
      • Teenage Ninja Mutant Turtles (2007)
      • Zentrix
      • Astro Boy (2009)
    • Helped pioneer winning formula with computer animation for reboots of classic anime like Gatchaman and Astro Boy

    Hong Kong Animation Industry Strengths

    • Lots of creative talents.
    • Strong pop culture tradition in film and music.
    • International city where East meets West.

    Why Hong Kong Faled in Animation Productions

    • Extremely small local market
    • Marginalization by the Mainland market
    • Lack of long-term development.
    • Lack of mainstream genres.

    Visual Effects

    • Technological Breakthroughs
      • Invention of Motion Pictures
      • Sounded Movie
      • Color Film
      • Digital Film-making
    • Georges Méliès inventions
      • Jump Cut
      • Dissolve
      • The Matte
      • Made 500 films (1896-1912)
      • Father of Motion Picture Visual Effects
    • How Méliès' inventions changed the film industry
      • Changing perception of visual narratives
      • Providing a platform for image manipulation
      • Foundation of practical and optical effects
    • Infant Stage of Visual Effects (1900-1945)
      • French and German film pioneers more superior in terms of creative and technique
      • Sound recording overtook silent films in the 1930s.
      • WWII halting progress of European film makers
    • Schüfftan Process.
    • Post-War Improvements (1950s)
      • Availability of Kodak Eastmancolor changed production landscape.
      • Widescreen epics emerged.
    • Post-War Visual Effects (1960s)
      • Popularity of color television changed entertainment.
      • Cold War space race sparked space-related fantasies (e.g., Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, 1968)

    Star Wars (1977-1983)

    • Landmark films that changed visual effects.
    • George Lucas, visionary behind the project, oversaw the VFX team (John Dykstra, Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Phil Tippett).
    • VFX powerhouses Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) and Skywalker Studio created to handle the large-scale production.
    • Star Wars Inventions
      • Revolutionary Miniatures
      • Groundbreaking Stop-Motion
      • Motion Control Camera (Dykstraflex)
      • Lightsaber Rotoscoping
      • Gigantic Matte Painting
      • Multi-head Optical Printer

    Industrial Light & Magic (ILM)

    • Reinvented VFX techniques: motion-controlled photography, chroma-keying, realistic miniatures, computer graphics.
    • Held a monopoly on Oscar awards for two decades.
    • Graphics division revolutionized computer-generated imagery (CGI)

    VFX Techniques

    • Practical effects
      • Scale Models (miniature)
      • Special Props
      • Special Makeups
      • Motion-control Camera
      • Physical Effects (atmospheric effects, stunts, vehicle stunts, explosives)
    • Optical effects
      • Jump Cut
      • Multi-exposure
      • Matte Painting
      • Rear Projection
      • Chroma Keying
      • Rotoscoping
    • Digital effects
      • Digital Backgrounds (Backlots)
      • Motion Tracking
      • Dynamic Simulation
      • Crowd Animation
      • Pre-visualization
      • Motion Capture Animation
    • Advantages of Digital Effects
      • Infinite layers of images
      • More realistic composites
      • Time and cost savings in certain genres
      • Revolutionized film distribution

    Computer Animation

    • IBM
      • Created IBM 360 series of mainframe computers
      • First disk drive (1954)
      • Big Blue employed John Whitney Sr. to create art (1966)
    • AT&T Bell Labs
      • Invented first fax machine (1947)
      • Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie developed "C" languages (1972)
      • Computer sung the song Daisy (Bell Labs experimentation)

    Xerox PARC

    • 1935 - Chester Carlson invented the photocopier.
    • 1970 - Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) founded.
    • Robert Taylor, Alan Kay, Alvy Ray Smith hired to develop next generation computers (Ethernet, computer mouse, WYSIWYG system, GUI, Superpaint, Dynabook - notebook computer).

    Academia Development

    • US top universities (MIT, Stanford, Cornell, UCLA, Ohio State) established computer science departments by 1960s.
    • Charles Csuri founded Advanced Computing Center for the Arts and Design (ACCAD) at Ohio State University (1968)
    • Utah State University
      • Founded a computer science department, focusing on graphics.
      • Built a defense department flight simulator
    • Utah Graduates
      • Alan Kay (laptop)
      • Alan Ashton (WordPerfect)
      • Nolan Bushnell (Atari)
      • John Warnock (Adobe)
      • Jim Clark (Silicon Graphics & Netscape)
      • Ed Catmull (Pixar)
    • Other Utah Alumni
      • Henri Gouraud (shading)
      • Bui Tuong Phong (Phong Shading)
      • Jim Blinn (bump mapping)

    University of Montreal

    • Philippe Bergeron and Daniel Langlois secretly made 7 minute film "Tony de Peltrie (1985).

    Tony de Peltrie

    • First character acting, thinking, fleshy (not mechanical).
    • Expressed real emotions.
    • Bergeron became a successful film maker in Hollywood.
    • Langlois left the Centre d'animatique, formed company Softimage (1986).

    National Film Board of Canada

    • Pioneer in computer animation
    • Created first computer keyframe animation "Metadata" (1971).
    • Oscar-nominated animation "Hunger" (1974).
    • Formed Centre d'animatique in 1980 to advance CGI technologies.

    Robert Abel and Associates

    • Commercial art intern Robert Abel started a boutique service house (1971).
    • "Brilliance - The Sexy Robot" ad (1985 Super Bowl), landmark achievement in CGI.

    Rhythm and Hue

    • Founded by some of the CG pioneers at Abel & Associates.
    • Developed Wavefront (predecessor of Maya).
    • VFX powerhouse in Hollywood for over 30 years, winning numerous awards.

    Advantages of Computer Animation

    • Much more realistic rendering (than traditional animation)
    • Works with other digital production techniques
    • Better scalability (with computing power growth)
    • Less labor-intensive
    • Shorter learning curve
    • Infinite potential of production (with AI)

    CG Effects in Star Wars

    • Targeting diagram screens on X-wings and TIE fighters
    • Computer motion controls on miniatures
    • Rebel Alliance briefing schematic showing Luke Skywalker's bomb trajectory.

    Industrial Light and Magic (ILM)

    • Cash-flow issues forced George Lucas to sell off his computer graphics department.
    • Continued to expand ILM's development of CG for increasingly lifelike effects in motion pictures (e.g., The Abyss, 1989).
    • Cameron's film, The Abyss featured a realistic 3D alien character.
    • Breakthrough with digital mattes in Forrest Gump (1994)

    The ILM Graphics Group

    • Lucas created an independent computer lab adjunct to his ILM effects operation.
    • Hired NYIT director Ed Catmull and top talent (e.g., Alvy Ray Smith, Loren Carpenter, etc).

    Story of John Lasseter

    • CalArts Disney trainee program (traditional animation)
    • Intrigued by computer graphics after seeing friends collaborating on Tron.
    • Committed to CG in his own work, causing expulsion from Disney.

    Formation of Pixar

    • Jobs acquired Lucas Graphics Group under Alan Kay's advice, renaming it Pixar.
    • Initially a hardware company, trying to market their Pixar Image Computer.
    • Ed Catmull and John Lasseter believed in Pixar's potential to profit from animated films.

    The Story of Toy Story

    • Tin Toy (1988) won Pixar's first Academy Award.
    • Toy Story, a three-part feature film contract, was the first contract signed after Tin Toy's success.

    Success of Pixar

    • John Lasseter adopted Walt Disney Studios growth strategies to achieve long-term Pixar success.
    • Built a strong storyboard team.
    • A "Brain Trust"-creative group, formed by John Lasseter, Joe Ranft, Pete Docter, and Andrew Stanton, was formed.

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