Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the text?
What is the primary focus of the text?
- The history of snake venom research
- The role of peptides in animal venom
- The development of new drugs from animal venom
- The use of animal venom components in pharmaceuticals (correct)
What is a key feature of animal venom components used in pharmaceuticals?
What is a key feature of animal venom components used in pharmaceuticals?
- They are exclusively peptides.
- They have high selectivity and powerful pharmacological effects. (correct)
- They are primarily used in the treatment of blood coagulation disorders.
- They are exclusively derived from snake venom.
Where do the pharmacological targets of animal venom components primarily reside?
Where do the pharmacological targets of animal venom components primarily reside?
- The central nervous system
- The respiratory system
- The digestive system
- The circulatory system (correct)
Which of the following is NOT an example of a venom-derived drug mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a venom-derived drug mentioned in the text?
What did Felice Fontana illustrate in the 17th century?
What did Felice Fontana illustrate in the 17th century?
What is the significance of the phrase "many additional animal venom components are also currently in different clinical stages as therapeutic drugs"?
What is the significance of the phrase "many additional animal venom components are also currently in different clinical stages as therapeutic drugs"?
What is the primary reason why animal venom components are considered valuable research tools?
What is the primary reason why animal venom components are considered valuable research tools?
Which of the following statements best describes the current state of animal venom research in pharmaceuticals?
Which of the following statements best describes the current state of animal venom research in pharmaceuticals?
Which family of snakes is known for having the highest quantities of L-amino-acid oxidase (LAAO) in their venom?
Which family of snakes is known for having the highest quantities of L-amino-acid oxidase (LAAO) in their venom?
What is the primary function of non-enzymatic proteins in snake venom?
What is the primary function of non-enzymatic proteins in snake venom?
What type of bond do phosphodiesterases break?
What type of bond do phosphodiesterases break?
What is the primary function of LAAO in snake venom?
What is the primary function of LAAO in snake venom?
Which of the following is NOT a non-enzymatic protein family found in snake venoms?
Which of the following is NOT a non-enzymatic protein family found in snake venoms?
What is the main product of the enzymatic activity of LAAO?
What is the main product of the enzymatic activity of LAAO?
What is the primary action of non-enzymatic proteins in snake venom on their prey?
What is the primary action of non-enzymatic proteins in snake venom on their prey?
Which snake family is NOT mentioned as having venoms containing phosphodiesterases in high amounts?
Which snake family is NOT mentioned as having venoms containing phosphodiesterases in high amounts?
Which venom contains a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor peptide?
Which venom contains a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor peptide?
What is the name of the platelet coagglutinin isolated from the venom of Bothrops jararaca?
What is the name of the platelet coagglutinin isolated from the venom of Bothrops jararaca?
Which venom contains a protein that can modulate von Willebrand factor?
Which venom contains a protein that can modulate von Willebrand factor?
What is the name of the sperm activator isolated from the venom of Walterinnesia aegyptia?
What is the name of the sperm activator isolated from the venom of Walterinnesia aegyptia?
Which venom contains bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPPs)?
Which venom contains bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPPs)?
Which snake venom was studied for its molecular diversity in Sri Lanka?
Which snake venom was studied for its molecular diversity in Sri Lanka?
Which of the following venom components is NOT directly associated with blood clotting?
Which of the following venom components is NOT directly associated with blood clotting?
Which study focused on the interaction between a venom component and a voltage-gated potassium channel?
Which study focused on the interaction between a venom component and a voltage-gated potassium channel?
Which snake species contains coagulation activators for factor V and X, but not IX?
Which snake species contains coagulation activators for factor V and X, but not IX?
What is the primary role of snake venom activators in the blood coagulation process?
What is the primary role of snake venom activators in the blood coagulation process?
What type of enzymes are typically found in Viperid and Crotalid venom activators?
What type of enzymes are typically found in Viperid and Crotalid venom activators?
How do snake venom toxins with anticoagulant properties contribute to envenomation?
How do snake venom toxins with anticoagulant properties contribute to envenomation?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which snake venom toxins exhibit anticoagulant activity?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which snake venom toxins exhibit anticoagulant activity?
What is the approximate molecular weight range of snake venom toxins that act as anticoagulants?
What is the approximate molecular weight range of snake venom toxins that act as anticoagulants?
Which snake venom protein category is classified based on its anticoagulant properties?
Which snake venom protein category is classified based on its anticoagulant properties?
Besides enzymes, what other type of proteins can exhibit anticoagulant activity in snake venom?
Besides enzymes, what other type of proteins can exhibit anticoagulant activity in snake venom?
Which of the following authors have contributed to the understanding of animal toxins through their work on 'venomous and poisonous animals' ?
Which of the following authors have contributed to the understanding of animal toxins through their work on 'venomous and poisonous animals' ?
What is the focus of 'ATDB: A uni-database platform for animal toxins'?
What is the focus of 'ATDB: A uni-database platform for animal toxins'?
What is the main focus of the article 'The toxicogenomic multiverse: Convergent recruitment of proteins into animal venoms' by Fry et al. (2009)?
What is the main focus of the article 'The toxicogenomic multiverse: Convergent recruitment of proteins into animal venoms' by Fry et al. (2009)?
What is the main contribution of Abbe Felice Fontana to the field of toxinology?
What is the main contribution of Abbe Felice Fontana to the field of toxinology?
Which of the following researchers focused on the therapeutic potential of animal toxins?
Which of the following researchers focused on the therapeutic potential of animal toxins?
Which of the following researchers explored the chemical properties of snake venom?
Which of the following researchers explored the chemical properties of snake venom?
Which of the following sources provides a comprehensive overview of snake venoms?
Which of the following sources provides a comprehensive overview of snake venoms?
From which publication can we learn about a classification of snakes based on their dentition and the evolution of the poison fang?
From which publication can we learn about a classification of snakes based on their dentition and the evolution of the poison fang?
Which of the following toxins is a presynaptic neurotoxin that is isolated from the venom of the Australian brown snake, Pseudonaja textilis?
Which of the following toxins is a presynaptic neurotoxin that is isolated from the venom of the Australian brown snake, Pseudonaja textilis?
Which of the following researchers studied the presynaptic effects of snake venom toxins with phospholipase A2 activity?
Which of the following researchers studied the presynaptic effects of snake venom toxins with phospholipase A2 activity?
Which of the following researchers studied the in vivo neutralization of dendrotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity of black mamba venom by oligoclonal human IgG antibodies?
Which of the following researchers studied the in vivo neutralization of dendrotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity of black mamba venom by oligoclonal human IgG antibodies?
Which of the following researchers studied the pharmacological characterisation of a neurotoxin from the venom of Boiga dendrophila (mangrove catsnake)?
Which of the following researchers studied the pharmacological characterisation of a neurotoxin from the venom of Boiga dendrophila (mangrove catsnake)?
Which of the following researchers studied snake venoms and the neuromuscular junction?
Which of the following researchers studied snake venoms and the neuromuscular junction?
Which of the following toxins is known to affect potassium ion channels?
Which of the following toxins is known to affect potassium ion channels?
Which of the following is NOT a three-finger protein?
Which of the following is NOT a three-finger protein?
Flashcards
Animal Venom Components
Animal Venom Components
Peptides derived from animal venom that target various receptors with high selectivity.
Pharmacological Tools
Pharmacological Tools
Research instruments derived from natural compounds that aid in drug development.
Captopril
Captopril
A drug designed from snake venom, used to treat high blood pressure.
Aggrastat
Aggrastat
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Eptifibatide
Eptifibatide
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Blood Coagulation
Blood Coagulation
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Clinical Applications
Clinical Applications
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Hemostatic Pathways
Hemostatic Pathways
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Fontana's discovery
Fontana's discovery
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Pro-Coagulant Activities
Pro-Coagulant Activities
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Coagulation factors
Coagulation factors
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Russell’s viper venom
Russell’s viper venom
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Venom activators
Venom activators
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Metalloproteases vs Serine proteases
Metalloproteases vs Serine proteases
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Anticoagulant Activities
Anticoagulant Activities
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PLA2 enzymes
PLA2 enzymes
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Animal Toxins
Animal Toxins
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Therapeutic Peptide Toxins
Therapeutic Peptide Toxins
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Modern Toxinology
Modern Toxinology
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Snake Venom Therapeutics
Snake Venom Therapeutics
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Classification of Snakes
Classification of Snakes
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Phylogeny of Advanced Snakes
Phylogeny of Advanced Snakes
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Snake Venom Chemistry
Snake Venom Chemistry
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Anticholinesterase Activity
Anticholinesterase Activity
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Phosphodiesterase
Phosphodiesterase
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L-amino-Acid Oxidase (LAAO)
L-amino-Acid Oxidase (LAAO)
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Crotalidae Venoms
Crotalidae Venoms
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Non-Enzymatic Proteins
Non-Enzymatic Proteins
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Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins (CRISPs)
Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins (CRISPs)
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Three-Finger Toxins
Three-Finger Toxins
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Neurotoxic Effects
Neurotoxic Effects
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Pharmacological Effects
Pharmacological Effects
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Actiflagelin
Actiflagelin
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Kunitz-type protease inhibitor
Kunitz-type protease inhibitor
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Delta-dendrotoxin
Delta-dendrotoxin
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Botrocetin
Botrocetin
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Bitiscetin
Bitiscetin
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Nerve growth factor
Nerve growth factor
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Bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPPs)
Bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPPs)
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Molecular diversity in venoms
Molecular diversity in venoms
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Presynaptic Neurotoxins
Presynaptic Neurotoxins
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Phospholipase A2 Activity
Phospholipase A2 Activity
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Alpha Neurotoxins
Alpha Neurotoxins
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Dendrotoxins
Dendrotoxins
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Textilotoxin
Textilotoxin
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Rufoxin
Rufoxin
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Taipoxin
Taipoxin
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Neuropharmacology
Neuropharmacology
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Study Notes
Snake Venoms in Drug Discovery
- Snake venoms are complex mixtures of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components
- Venom components have specific pathophysiological functions, often targeting ion channels, membrane receptors, and hemostatic system components with high selectivity
- Snake venoms act as mini-drug libraries, with each component potentially pharmacologically active
- Identification and characterization of toxins is limited, but some venom components have been approved by the FDA for use in drugs, e.g. Captopril®, Integrilin®, Aggrastat®
- Many snake venom components are in preclinical or clinical trials for various therapeutic purposes
- Snake venom toxins have significant therapeutic potential in drug discovery
Key Contribution
- Venom comprises a combination of biological active components that contribute to new drug development for many diseases
- Snake venoms comprise potentially valuable therapeutic agents
Introduction
- There are over 100,000 venomous animal species globally
- Animal venom is a complex cocktail typically containing proteins, peptides, and enzymes
- Venom toxins often act on specific biological targets, including ion channels and receptors
- Venom toxicity can lead to acute envenomation and potentially fatal outcomes
Classification and Distribution of Venomous Snakes
- Venomous snakes are found in various regions worldwide, primarily in tropical and subtropical areas
- Snake species are classified into different families and infraorders, with Colubroidea being the largest group
- Species distribution varies geographically, including regions in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Australia
Composition of Snake Venoms
- Snake venoms are complex mixtures of toxic and biologically active proteins and peptides
- Snake venoms typically contain a high percentage (upwards of 90 to 95%) of proteins and peptides with enzymatic and non-enzymatic properties
- Some venom components are nucleosides, metallic cations, carbohydrates, and free amino acids/lipids
- Snake venom composition varies considerably between species, subspecies, age, sex, and diet
Proteolytic Enzymes
- Snake venoms often contain proteolytic enzymes (e.g., metalloproteases and serine proteases)
- Metalloproteases and serine proteases degrade tissue proteins and peptides into amino acids
- Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are key contributors to the toxicity of crotalid and viperid snakes
- Snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs) are found in the venoms of Viperidae, Crotalidae, Elapidae, and Colubridae snakes
Other Components
- Hyaluronidases, present in most snake venoms contribute to the spreading of venom at the site of a bite
- Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are common, with a role in hydrolyzing glycerophospholipids and influencing cell membrane permeability
- Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), often found in Elapid venoms, breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter
- Nucleic acids (e.g., RNase, DNase) are hydrolyzed by venom nucleases, disrupting cellular processes
- L-amino-acid oxidase (LAAO) is found in several venoms, stimulating the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids
Non-enzymatic Proteins
- Snake venoms contain various nonenzymatic proteins, including cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), C-type lectins, proteinase inhibitors, nerve growth factors, and bradykinin-potentiating peptides
- Non-enzymatic proteins are involved in prey immobilisation through targeting membrane receptors
- Various nonenzymatic proteins share functional similarities despite structural differences
- Venom proteins from different families also exhibit wide functional diversity
Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Actions
- Snake venom components exert a range of toxic effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems
- Venom components can disrupt the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems, leading to severe outcomes
- Several snake venom components induce neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, cytotoxic, hemotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity
Snake Venoms for Drug Discovery
- Snake venom components are developed to treat various diseases
- Snake venoms are valuable sources of new drug candidates for numerous biomedical applications
- Many snake venom therapeutics (inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors) are FDA-approved
- Several drugs derived from snake venom compounds are in clinical trials or have been developed
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Description
Test your knowledge about the role of animal venom components in pharmaceutical applications. This quiz covers their therapeutic significance, research state, and specific examples of venom-derived drugs. Explore the innovative uses of venoms in modern medicine.
