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Questions and Answers
What type of cells form cartilage?
What type of cells form cartilage?
Which of the following correctly describes the extracellular matrix of cartilage?
Which of the following correctly describes the extracellular matrix of cartilage?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes?
What is the primary function of cartilage in the body?
What is the primary function of cartilage in the body?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between chondroblasts and chondrocytes?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between chondroblasts and chondrocytes?
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Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of an amorphous matrix and lacks fibers?
Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of an amorphous matrix and lacks fibers?
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What is the primary characteristic of fibrocartilage compared to other types of cartilage?
What is the primary characteristic of fibrocartilage compared to other types of cartilage?
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In which part of the body is cartilage commonly found?
In which part of the body is cartilage commonly found?
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What distinguishes elastic cartilage from other types of cartilage?
What distinguishes elastic cartilage from other types of cartilage?
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Which is the correct function of elastic cartilage?
Which is the correct function of elastic cartilage?
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What is a characteristic feature of hyaline cartilage?
What is a characteristic feature of hyaline cartilage?
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What distinguishes hyaline cartilage from other types?
What distinguishes hyaline cartilage from other types?
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Where are chondrocytes found in elastic cartilage?
Where are chondrocytes found in elastic cartilage?
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Which cartilage type has isogenous groups usually absent in its immature form?
Which cartilage type has isogenous groups usually absent in its immature form?
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Which of the following tissues is formed from mesenchyma and is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?
Which of the following tissues is formed from mesenchyma and is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?
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What is the matrix of fibrocartilage primarily composed of?
What is the matrix of fibrocartilage primarily composed of?
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What percentage of the dry weight of bone tissue is contributed by the mineralized inorganic components?
What percentage of the dry weight of bone tissue is contributed by the mineralized inorganic components?
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Which cell type is responsible for the production of the organic matrix in bone tissue?
Which cell type is responsible for the production of the organic matrix in bone tissue?
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What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
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Which component of the extracellular matrix contributes significantly to the strength and elasticity of bone?
Which component of the extracellular matrix contributes significantly to the strength and elasticity of bone?
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How do osteocytes communicate metabolic exchanges with each other and with blood vessels?
How do osteocytes communicate metabolic exchanges with each other and with blood vessels?
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What are osteoprogenitor cells primarily responsible for?
What are osteoprogenitor cells primarily responsible for?
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What characteristic feature distinguishes activated osteoclasts?
What characteristic feature distinguishes activated osteoclasts?
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What happens to osteoblasts after they are trapped in the lacunae they create?
What happens to osteoblasts after they are trapped in the lacunae they create?
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Study Notes
Animal Tissues
- Animal tissues are groups of cells with similar structures and functions.
- Four primary tissue types in animals are: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Epithelial Tissues
- Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces, line body cavities, and form glands.
- Characteristics include tightly packed cells, a free surface, and a basement membrane.
- Types: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and transitional epithelium
Connective Tissues
- Connective tissues support, connect, and separate different types of tissues and organs.
- Characteristics include specialized cells embedded within an extracellular matrix.
- Types: loose connective, dense connective, adipose, cartilage, and bone.
Muscle Tissues
- Muscle tissues contract to produce movement.
- Types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Nervous Tissue
- Nervous tissue transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.
- Components include neurons and neuroglia.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Location: air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
- Function: allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration; secretes lubricating substance
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Location: ducts and secretory portions of small glands, in kidney tubules
- Function: secretes and absorbs
Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Location: uterine tubes, and uterus; digestive tract, bladder (ciliated and nonciliated)
- Function: absorbs; secretes mucus and enzymes
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- Location: trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract
- Function: secretes mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Location: esophagus, mouth, and vagina
- Function: protects against abrasion
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- Location: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands.
- Function: protective tissue
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- Location: male urethra and ducts of some glands.
- Function: secretes and protects
Transitional Epithelium
- Location: bladder, urethra, and ureters
- Function: allows urinary organs to expand and stretch
Skeletal Muscle
- Features: striated, tubular, multi-nucleated, voluntary, attached to skeleton
- Location: attached to skeleton
- Histology: detailed image of skeletal muscle fibers presented
Smooth Muscle
- Features: non-striated, spindle-shaped, uninucleated, involuntary, covering walls of internal organs
- Location: covering walls of internal organs
- Histology: detailed image of smooth muscle fibers presented
Cardiac Muscle
- Features: striated, branched, uninucleated, involuntary, covering walls of the heart
- Location: covering walls of the heart
- Histology: detailed image of cardiac muscle fibers presented
Bone Tissue
- Dynamic and elastic
- Organic and inorganic components
- Organic components: cells and extracellular matrix (amorphous substance, type I collagen)
- Inorganic components: minerals (calcium, magnesium phosphates, Na, Mn, K citrates)
- Organic component: 35% dry weight; provides strength and elasticity
- Inorganic component: 65% dry weight; provides consistency and hardness
- Structure and function change due to age, diet, and individual conditions
Cells of Bone Tissue
- Osteoprogenitor cells: responsible for development of new bone tissue
- Osteoblasts: precursors for osteocytes; produce organic matrix (osteoid) and inorganic matrix, produce collagen, osteocalcin, osteopontin and bone sialoprotein.
- Osteocytes: trapped osteoblasts; maintain extracellular matrix of bone
- Osteoclasts: not from osteoblasts; destroy and remodel bone tissue, have multiple nuclei.
- Role of Osteoclasts: erosion of bone matrix forming resorption bays
- Microenvironment: acidified through enzymes (lysosomal and non-lysosomal), proteases, phosphatase, and metalloproteinase
Loose Connective Tissue
- Characterized by numerous different cells and a scarcely dense amorphous substance lacking in fibers.
Reticular Connective Tissue
- Packed with reticular fibers (type III collagen)
- Isolate muscle fibers, nerve fibers, surround adipocytes
- Forms connective stroma of lymphatic organs and large glands (both exocrine and endocrine)
- Reticular fibers appear first during embryonic connective tissue transformation, then replaced by collagen fibers
Elastic Connective Tissue
- Composed of non-birefringent fibers (different from collagen fibers)
- Formed by elastin, amorphous substance, and fibrillin
- Organized in parallel or scattered fibers
- Found in ligaments, tendons, epiglottis, external ear, urinary bladder
- Contains elastin and forms elastic membranes
Dense Connective Tissue
- Marked by multiple type I collagen fibers in bundles
- Can be parallel, crossed, or interwoven
- Fewer cells compared to loose connective tissue
- Dense and loose connective tissues do not have precise borders
Adipose Tissue
- Composed of adipocytes
- Two types: white (unilocular) and brown (multilocular)
- White adipocytes: single large lipid droplet, nucleus eccentric. Function: energy storage, insulation, cushioning, protection.
- Brown adipocytes: multiple lipid droplets, nucleus central. Function: energy production (especially heat), more abundant in newborns.
Cartilage
- Specialized connective tissue formed by chondroblasts and chondrocytes
- Surrounded by a jelly-like extracellular matrix with fibers
- Lacks blood vessels; nourishment through matrix permeability
- Surrounded by perichondrium (except in joints)
- Chondroblasts in lacunae; create isogenous groups
- Types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage based on matrix characteristics
Hyaline Cartilage
- Most common cartilage in mammals
- Chondrocytes in lacunae/depressions
- Isogenous groups (clusters) in mature cartilage, more numerous in deeper zones
- Avascular, generally surrounded by perichondrium
- Matrix lacks fibers, contains proteoglycans (higher in territorial matrix)
Elastic Cartilage
- Low extracellular substance, lacking amorphous component
- Abundant elastic fibers, interconnected network surrounding chondrocytes
- Lacks isogenous groups
- Avascular, surrounded by perichondrium
Blood
- Red fluid circulating in closed system of channels (blood vessels)
- Derived from mesenchyma, corpuscular part (RBC, WBC, platelets), and liquid part (plasma)
- Function: transport oxygen, hormones.
Erythrocytes (RBC)
- Small, rich in hemoglobin (responsible for red color)
- Bind oxygen in lungs, transport to tissues
- Lose nucleus during maturation
- Biconcave shape for increased surface area
Platelets
- Created in bone marrow from megakaryocytes
- Small, round/elongated, anucleate
- Important role in blood clotting
Leukocytes (WBC)
- Nuclei visible, can be granular or agranular
- Various types based on appearance and function in immune system
Granular Leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- Distinguishable by granules, differ in staining
- Play roles in immune responses, allergy reactions, etc.
Agranular Leukocytes (e.g., lymphocytes, monocytes)
- Lack granules, differentiate based on size, shape
- Lymphocytes: part of immune system (B cells, T cells)
- Monocytes: differentiate into macrophages in tissues
Nervous Tissue
- Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses; consist of cell body (soma), dendrites (receive impulses), axons (transmit impulses)
- Neuroglia: supporting cells; maintain proliferative capacity in contrast to neurons
Neuroglial Cells
- Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells: form myelin sheaths surrounding axons in CNS/PNS respectively. Multiple layers for complete myelin sheath.
- Astrocytes: star-shaped, physical support for neurons, create blood-brain barrier
- Microglia: phagocytic cells, immune protection of CNS
- Ependymal cells: line brain ventricles, central canal, choroid plexuses; aid in cerebrospinal fluid production
- Ganglia: clusters of neuron cell bodies in peripheral nervous system (sensory or autonomic)
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Description
This quiz covers the various types of animal tissues, including epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Explore the characteristics and functions of each tissue type in detail. Perfect for students studying biology and anatomy.
