Animal Tissue Types

Types of Tissue

• There are different types of tissue

Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial tissue exists in several types
• Epithelial tissues are found in vertebrates
• Simple squamous epithelial tissue and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue are categories found in vertebrates
• Additional types of epithelial tissues are found in vertebrates

Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

• Simple exocrine glands feature a duct leading to a single cluster of secretory cells, similar to a sweat gland
• Compound exocrine glands have a duct with branches of secretory cells, like a pancreatic exocrine gland

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue is another type of tissue
• Cell types in fibrous connective tissue include fibroblasts and stem cells, which divide to produce cells, white blood cells, adipose cells which store fat
• Fiber types include: elastic fibers which are branched and stretchable; collagen fibers which are unbranched and strong and reticular fibers which are thin and branching and form networks
• Ground substance fills spaces between the cells and fibers
• Blood vessels also run through fibrous connective tissue

Connective Tissue in Vertebrates

• Types of Connective Tissue in Vertebrates include: Fibroblast, elastic and collagen fiber
• Other Types of Connective Tissue in Vertebrates are: Hyaline Cartilage, Compact Bone

Fluid Connective Tissues

• Blood is a liquid tissue
• Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets
• Centrifugation separates the plasma from the formed elements (cells)
• Of the cells in blood, about 90% are red blood cells and about 10% are white blood cells
• Platelets are not visible in the centrifugation tube
• Red blood cells are biconcave disks lacking nuclei
• Platelets are small fragments of larger cells
• All cell types in blood are suspended in plasma

Muscular Tissue

• Muscular tissue is another type of tissue
• Skeletal muscle has striated cells with multiple nuclei, and functions in voluntary movement
• Striations appear as crosswise, repeated bands that are perpendicular to the long axis of the muscle cells, which are arrayed in parallel fibers
• Smooth muscle is nonstriated, and each spindle-shaped cell has a single nucleus
• In smooth muscle, the cells are arranged in layers with their narrow ends overlapping
• Smooth muscle functions in the movement of substances in lumens of the body and is involuntary
• Smooth muscle is found in blood vessel walls and the walls of the digestive tract
• Cardiac muscle has striated, branching cells, and each cell has a single nucleus
• The branching cells are interlaced together, and an intercalated disk separates the ends of two cells
• Cardiac muscle occurs in the wall of the heart, functions in the pumping of blood, and is involuntary

Nervous Tissue

• Nervous tissue is another type of tissue
• Types of Nervous Tissue include Neuroglia
• In neurons, a cell body contains the nucleus, and the dendrites are short, branching extensions from the cell body
• The axon is a single, long extension from the cell body and can be wrapped in sections of myelin sheath
• Types of neuroglia shown include microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes
• Microglia are small and highly branched and reside in spaces near the dendrites and sometimes touch the dendrites
• Astrocytes lie between neurons and a capillary, and its extensions connect the capillary to the dendrites of a neuron
• Nutrients entering neurons from the blood must first pass through astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheaths around nerve axons, or fibers, in the brain and spinal cord
• The myelin sheath consists of successive wrappings of neuroglial cells at intervals along the axon

Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities

• Mammalian body cavities can be viewed from both the side and front.
• Mammalian Body Cavities are involved in life processes
• Organ systems work with life processes.
• The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate body activities
• Muscular, digestive and skeletal systems acquire materials and energy (food)
• Skeletal and muscular system maintain body shape
• The respiratory system performs exchange of gases.
• Transportation of material is done by the cardiovascular system.
• Urinary and digestive systems eliminate wastes
• To protect the body from pathogens the lymphatic and immune system work together
• The reproductive system allows offspring to be produce

The Integumentary System

• The integumentary has regions of skin
• It also contains the dermis and subcutaneous regions
• Accessory Structures are included in the Integumentary System

Human Skin Anatomy

• The top epidermis layer consists of stratified epithelium that contains sweat pores, the top sections of hair follicles, and a bottom layer of basal cells containing melanocytes
• The ducts of sweat glands extend from the sweat pores in the epidermis down to the sweat glands in the dermis
• The hair shafts extend from the epidermis to the external environment
• The thick dermis layer below the epidermis consists of connective tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, sensory receptors, free nerve endings, and arrector pili muscles
• The roots of hairs occur in the dermis, and hair follicles extend from the dermis through the epidermis
• Arrector pili muscles attach to hair follicles and affect whether the hair shafts stand up or not
• A subcutaneous layer composed of adipose tissue lies below the dermis

Layers of Skin

• Consists of cells undergoing keratinization, keratinized dead cells and hair follicles

Skin Cancer

• Skin cancer is a type of disease

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the regulation of internal conditions
• Homeostatic regulation maintains internal balance
• Homeostatic control is achieved through negative feedback

Regulation of Room Temperature

• Regulation of room temperature is achieved using negative feedback

Regulation of Body Temperature

• The regulation of body temperature is achieved by negative feedback

Homeostasis - Positive Feedback

• Homeostasis can make with the positive method.