Animal Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mammary glands in mammals?

  • Facilitate movement of limbs
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Secrete milk for offspring (correct)
  • Support growth of teeth

Which group of birds is characterized as flightless?

  • Ferrets
  • Carinates
  • Bats
  • Ratites (correct)

What distinguishes synapsids from other reptilian groups?

  • Absence of differentiated teeth
  • Two temporal openings
  • Presence of mammary glands
  • Single temporal opening (correct)

How do eutherians differ from marsupials in terms of gestation?

<p>Long gestation period and developed young at birth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of flocking behavior in birds?

<p>Finding food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of locomotion involves walking on toes with the heel off the ground?

<p>Digitigrade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is common to both mammals and reptiles?

<p>Differentiated teeth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which breeding system is most common among birds?

<p>Monogamy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of therapsids in mammalian evolution?

<p>Presence of cusped teeth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which season do birds typically move from breeding ranges to wintering grounds?

<p>Fall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding altricial young birds?

<p>They require essential parental care after hatching. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates milk production and delivery in mammals?

<p>Prolactin and oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of song in attracting a mate for male birds?

<p>It depicts male quality and helps in territorial defense. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of flocking?

<p>Greater transmission of disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lek in the context of mating behavior?

<p>A communal display area for males to perform. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes New World Monkeys from Old World Monkeys?

<p>Broad flat nasal septum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism helps perching birds to maintain their grip on branches?

<p>A tendon locking their foot around the perch. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the ancestral primate 'Ida'?

<p>Presence of claws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hominin is known to have lived 6.5 million years ago?

<p>Sahelanthropus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary process proposes that modern humans originated from a single population in Africa?

<p>Out of Africa theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes bipedalism in human evolution?

<p>It is the first characteristic that emerged. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Connecting the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Laetoli footprints provide evidence for which of the following?

<p>Bipedalism in Australopithecus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the nervous system, what is the role of dendrites?

<p>Receiving signals from other neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Schwann cells play in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>They form the myelin sheath. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the membrane potential of a resting neuron?

<p>The interior of the cell is negative and the exterior is positive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the depolarization state of a neuron?

<p>Sodium activation gates are opened on some channels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'rising phase' of an action potential?

<p>Most sodium activation gates are opened. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sodium-Potassium pump in neurons?

<p>To maintain the resting membrane potential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the 'falling phase' of an action potential?

<p>Inactivation gates on sodium channels close. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of nodes of Ranvier in saltatory conduction?

<p>They allow action potentials to jump, increasing signal speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of communication between neurons at synapses?

<p>Chemical signals through neurotransmitters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?

<p>They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of postsynaptic potential is classified as excitatory?

<p>Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accurately describes temporal summation?

<p>Multiple signals occur close enough to set off an action potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the vertebrate brain is primarily responsible for coordination of movement and balance?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the central nervous system is mostly made up of axons?

<p>White matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

<p>To regulate body temperature and produce hormones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor responds to pain?

<p>Pain receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting temperature changes?

<p>Thermoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eye structure is responsible for bending light to a focal point?

<p>Lens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by blurred vision due to a misshapen lens or cornea?

<p>Astigmatism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the ear is the organ of Corti located?

<p>Inner ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily detects changes in body position and movement?

<p>Utricle and saccule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the ciliary muscle in the eye?

<p>To regulate the shape of the lens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a blind spot in the human eye?

<p>Nerve fibers that exit the retina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the volume of sound perceived by the ear?

<p>Amplitude of the sound wave (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ratites

Flightless birds.

Mammals

Endothermic vertebrates with mammary glands, hair, and 3 middle ear bones

Mammary Glands

Specialized glands that produce milk to nourish young mammals.

Gestation

The period of pregnancy in a mammal.

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Lactation

The production and secretion of milk in mammary glands.

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Diphyodont

Having two sets of teeth in a lifetime.

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Plantigrade locomotion

Walking on the soles of the feet.

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Synapsid

A group of animals with one temporal opening.

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Bird Migration Strategies

Birds move to different locations for breeding and wintering.

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Flocking Advantages

Flocking helps birds forage, protect from predators, find mates, and raise chicks.

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Flocking Disadvantages

Flocking presents higher visibility to predators, and leads to competition for resources and disease spread.

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Bird Breeding Systems

Different bird species mate in various ways from one to many.

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Monogamy in birds

One male and one female pair-bond.

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Bird Calls vs Songs

Calls are short, simple, used for various purposes, and songs are longer, more complex uses for mating and territorial defense.

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Altricial vs. Precocial Birds

Altricial young need parental care, while precocial birds are more independent.

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Perching Bird's Foot

Perching birds have a tendon to lock their foot firmly in place on branches.

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Primate Ancestors

Primates existing 65 million years ago, characterized by arboreal lifestyle, binocular vision, and opposable thumbs.

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Opposable Thumb

A thumb that can touch the other fingers, providing dexterity and grasping ability.

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Bipedalism

Walking upright on two legs; a key characteristic of human evolution.

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Brain Size & Jaw Size

Human evolution saw a decrease in jaw size and a substantial increase in brain size.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord; the primary control center of the body.

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Sensory Input

The process of receiving information from the environment through sensory receptors.

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Motor Output

The response of the body to sensory input, signaled from the brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands..

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Neurons

Specialized cells that transmit information throughout the nervous system.

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Thermoreceptors

Sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature.

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Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors that detect chemicals.

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Electromagnetic Receptors

Sensory receptors that detect electromagnetic radiation, such as light.

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Opsins

Proteins in photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light.

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Ocelli

Simple eye structures that are sensitive to light but do not form images.

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Compound Eyes

Eyes made up of multiple ommatidia, each of which detects a small portion of the visual field.

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Sclera

The tough, white outer layer of the eye.

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Cornea

The clear, dome-shaped outer layer of the eye that helps to focus light.

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Axon

A long, unbranched extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty insulating layer that surrounds the axon of some neurons, speeding up nerve impulse transmission.

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Node of Ranvier

Gaps between Schwann cells in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed.

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Synaptic Terminals

The ending of a neuron where it communicates with other cells via neurotransmitters.

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Ganglion

A cluster of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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Astrocytes

Star-shaped glial cells that provide structural support, form the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the chemical environment around neurons.

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Membrane Potential

The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron.

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Threshold Potential

The minimum level of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential in a neuron.

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Synaptic Transmission

The process of communication between neurons at a synapse involving the release of neurotransmitters, binding to receptors, and generation of postsynaptic potentials.

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Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger that transmits signals between neurons at a synapse.

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Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

A change in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of a neurotransmitter.

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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A change in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron that makes it more likely to fire an action potential.

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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A change in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron that makes it less likely to fire an action potential.

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Temporal Summation

The summation of multiple postsynaptic potentials that occur close together in time, leading to an action potential.

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Spatial Summation

The summation of multiple postsynaptic potentials that occur at different locations on the postsynaptic neuron, leading to an action potential.

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Ventricles

Four interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid within the brain.

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Study Notes

General Notes on Animal Systems

  • Animals exhibit diverse systems for a variety of functions
  • Each system works interdependently to maintain homeostasis
  • Systems are complex and often involve multiple organs and tissues
  • Systems evolve based on environmental pressures
  • Adaptations arise for specific purposes
  • Evolution of systems reflects changes in diet, habitat, and lifestyle
  • Over time, systems are refined and specialized

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Description

Explore the diverse systems animals use to maintain homeostasis and adapt to their environments. This quiz delves into the complexity of these systems, their interdependence, and how they have evolved over time in response to changing habitats and lifestyles.

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