Animal Systems - Lesson 1

The basic building blocks of all living things. They are essential for growth, repair, and energy production.

Large molecules made up of smaller repeating subunits. They are essential for building and maintaining cell structure and function.

A type of macromolecule that provides energy for the body. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Simple sugars that are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates. They cannot be broken down into simpler compounds.

Two monosaccharides joined together. Examples include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.

Complex carbohydrates made up of many simple sugars linked together. Examples include starch and glycogen.

The process by which the body breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells.

A diet that includes all the essential nutrients in the right proportions. It promotes good health and provides fuel and building materials for the body.

The last section of the small intestine; it absorbs leftover nutrients and prepares waste for the large intestine. It has fewer villi than the duodenum and jejunum, and its main function is to compact waste.

Tiny finger-like projections that line the small intestine. They significantly increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

The process by which nutrients from digested food are taken up by the bloodstream and lymph vessels.

A substance produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion.

A large gland that secretes digestive enzymes and buffers into the small intestine. These enzymes break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Buffers neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach.

The process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body.

The process of taking in food.

The process of taking nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

The process of removing leftover waste from the body.

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. Examples include chewing or churning.

The chemical breakdown of food using enzymes. Examples include breaking down proteins with pepsin.

A wave of muscular contractions that propels food through the digestive system.

A thick, slippery substance that lubricates food and protects the digestive system.

An enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars.

A mixture of gastric juice, stomach acid, mucus, and enzymes that breaks down food in the stomach. It kills bacteria and helps digest proteins and lipids.

The semifluid mixture of partially digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.

A green, watery liquid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps break down fats.

The first part of the small intestine where bile, pancreatic juice, and other digestive fluids mix with chyme.

The middle part of the small intestine where most absorption of nutrients occurs.

The last part of the small intestine where the remaining nutrients are absorbed.