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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of organisms in Phylum Nematoda?
What is a key characteristic of organisms in Phylum Nematoda?
Which class of Protostome Coelomates is characterized by a hydrostatic skeleton and segmented body?
Which class of Protostome Coelomates is characterized by a hydrostatic skeleton and segmented body?
Which of the following features is exclusive to arthropods?
Which of the following features is exclusive to arthropods?
What is a correct statement regarding Class Crustacea within Phylum Arthropoda?
What is a correct statement regarding Class Crustacea within Phylum Arthropoda?
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What character is typically associated with the Subphylum Urochordata?
What character is typically associated with the Subphylum Urochordata?
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What distinguishes the circulatory system of the organisms in Phylum Annelida?
What distinguishes the circulatory system of the organisms in Phylum Annelida?
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Which structure is not associated with the respiratory system of Class Crustacea?
Which structure is not associated with the respiratory system of Class Crustacea?
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Which of the following describes a subclass within Class Osteichthyes?
Which of the following describes a subclass within Class Osteichthyes?
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Which feature is typical of organisms in the Protostome Coelomates category?
Which feature is typical of organisms in the Protostome Coelomates category?
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Which of the following characteristics is associated with Class Amphibia?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with Class Amphibia?
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What is a key difference between Agnathans and Gnathostomes?
What is a key difference between Agnathans and Gnathostomes?
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Which class within the Protostome Coelomates includes segmented worms?
Which class within the Protostome Coelomates includes segmented worms?
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Which superclass includes animals that are known for having a two-circuit circulatory system?
Which superclass includes animals that are known for having a two-circuit circulatory system?
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Which group is classified under Class Mammalia based on their reproductive characteristics?
Which group is classified under Class Mammalia based on their reproductive characteristics?
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What type of skin is typically found in reptiles?
What type of skin is typically found in reptiles?
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Which class is associated with having limbs for terrestrial movement and an aquatic larval stage?
Which class is associated with having limbs for terrestrial movement and an aquatic larval stage?
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Which characteristic is NOT typical of the Class Insecta?
Which characteristic is NOT typical of the Class Insecta?
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Which superclass includes jawed fish?
Which superclass includes jawed fish?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with deuterostomes?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with deuterostomes?
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Which of the following is a feature of the phylum Ctenophora?
Which of the following is a feature of the phylum Ctenophora?
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Which class of mollusks includes snails and slugs?
Which class of mollusks includes snails and slugs?
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In protostomes, what is the fate of the blastopore?
In protostomes, what is the fate of the blastopore?
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Which phylum includes flatworms?
Which phylum includes flatworms?
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Which of the following statements about the central nervous system in protostome coelomates is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the central nervous system in protostome coelomates is accurate?
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Which of the following is characteristic of echinoderms?
Which of the following is characteristic of echinoderms?
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Which of these classes belongs to the phylum Arthropoda?
Which of these classes belongs to the phylum Arthropoda?
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Study Notes
Animal Systematics
- Systematics is the study of biological diversity and classification of living organisms by evolutionary relationships.
- Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) developed the modern taxonomic classification system.
- Examples of scientific names include Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) and Turdus migratorius (American robin).
What is an Animal?
- Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms.
- They are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot produce their own nutrients.
- Animal cells lack cell walls.
- Animal tissues are linked by proteins like collagen, and cells are often linked by cell junctions (gap, adhesion, tight).
- Animals reproduce sexually, with a sperm and egg forming a zygote, which develops into a blastula and then a gastrula, eventually becoming a larva and then an adult.
Major Evolutionary Divergences Among Animals
- Development of Tissues - grouping of similar cells into layers and patterns
- Development of Body Plans - body structure and axis formation
- Development of Body Cavities - presence or absence of body cavities
- Developmental Origin of the Coelom - creation of body cavities
Development of Body Plans
- Acoelomates (e.g., flatworms) lack body cavities.
- Pseudocoelomates (e.g., roundworms) have a body cavity (pseudocoelom) not completely lined by mesoderm.
- Coelomates (e.g., vertebrates) have a body cavity (coelom) completely surrounded by mesoderm.
Classification Systems
- Parazoa (e.g., sponges) lack true tissues and organs.
- Radiata (e.g., jellyfish) have radial symmetry and two germ cell layers.
- Bilateria (all other animals) have bilateral symmetry and three germ cell layers.
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes (subgroups of coelomates)
- Protostomes (e.g., mollusks, annelids, arthropods) develop the mouth first during embryonic development and have spiral cleavage.
- Deuterostomes (e.g., echinoderms, chordates) develop the anus first and have radial cleavage.
Additional Information on Different Phyla
- Sponges are sessile aquatic animals.
- Phylum Cnidaria (e.g., corals, jellyfish) have gastrovascular cavities with one opening.
- Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are acoelomate.
- Mollusks possess a muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle.
- Annelids are segmented worms with a coelom and a complete digestive tract.
- Arthropods are characterized by jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, and a segmented body.
- Echinoderms have radial symmetry as adults but bilateral as larvae, and have an endoskeleton.
- Chordates (including vertebrates) possess a notochord at some point in their development, as well as a dorsal nerve cord.
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Description
Explore the fascinating field of animal systematics which focuses on the classification of living organisms based on evolutionary relationships. Learn about the characteristics of animals, major evolutionary divergences, and the impacts of taxonomic systems developed by pioneers like Carolus Linnaeus.
