Animal Research Methods Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of acute toxicity studies?

To determine irritancy and cytotoxicity of a single dose of a toxic substance (correct)

To investigate the effects of repeated administrations or prolonged exposure to a substance

To detect bacterial toxins in medical products

To evaluate the effect of a substance on the fetus at various stages of the reproductive cycle and gestation

What are immunodeficient animals used for?

Detecting bacterial toxins in medical products

Evaluating the effect of a substance on the fetus at various stages of the reproductive cycle and gestation

Studying spontaneous or infectious diseases (correct)

Studying the effects of repeated administrations or prolonged exposure to a substance

What is the purpose of reproductive and developmental toxicity studies?

To investigate the effects of repeated administrations or prolonged exposure to a substance

To determine irritancy and cytotoxicity of a single dose of a toxic substance

To detect bacterial toxins in medical products

To evaluate the effect of a substance on the fetus at various stages of the reproductive cycle and gestation (correct)

What is the most common feeding method used in animal dietary studies?

Ad libitum feeding and watering Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pyrogen tests?

To detect bacterial toxins in medical products Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of animal models of cancer?

Induced and spontaneous Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of subacute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies?

To investigate the effects of repeated administrations or prolonged exposure to a substance Signup and view all the answers

What are polyclonal antibodies?

Antibodies produced by multiple B cell lineages and recognize different epitopes on the antigen surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monoclonal antibodies?

To produce an uncontaminated antibody source by isolating and reproducing a single plasma cell producing the desired antibody Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bioimaging?

To enhance the contrast between anatomical structures for different imaging modalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hybridomas?

To produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies both in vitro and in vivo Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stereotaxic apparatus in neurosurgical research?

To stabilize the head and precisely measure its dimensions from anterior to posterior, and lateral to medial Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the harmful effects of poisons on living organisms called?

Toxicology Signup and view all the answers

Which type of toxicity study investigates the effects of repeated administrations or prolonged exposure to a substance?

Chronic toxicity studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reproductive and developmental toxicity studies?

To evaluate the effect of a substance on the fetus at various stages of the reproductive cycle and gestation Signup and view all the answers

Which immunodeficient animal model lacks a thymus gland and T cells responsible for attacking viruses and tumor cells?

Nude mice Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of injecting hybridoma cells into the peritoneal cavity of mice to produce antibody-rich fluid called?

Ascites production Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is the most frequently studied laboratory animal in behavioral research?

Rats Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common feeding method used in dietary studies?

Ad libitum feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stereotaxic apparatus in neurosurgical research?

To stabilize the head and precisely measure its dimensions from anterior to posterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bioimaging in laboratory animal research?

To enhance the contrast between anatomical structures for different imaging modalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using contrast agents in animal imaging?

To enhance the contrast between anatomical structures for different imaging modalities Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer model is induced artificially in laboratory animals?

Induced cancer model Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of humane endpoints in laboratory animal research?

To define the point at which an animal is euthanized Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Toxicology and Other Animal Research Methods

Animal research has the potential to cause pain and distress, so it is important to advocate for animal welfare while keeping research goals in mind.
Laboratory animal technicians benefit from understanding common research methods to better support specialized husbandry procedures and communicate with investigators.
Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of poisons on living organisms, and tests are designed to predict the impact of substances on the environment and human and animal populations.
Toxicologists are multidisciplinary scientists with expertise in pharmacology, biochemistry, physiology, and molecular biology.
Toxicology tests can be categorized by the timeframe and targeted organs or functions affected by the substance, and each test uses specific animal models and experimental criteria based on regulatory requirements.
Acute toxicity studies involve a single dose of a toxic substance and are used to determine irritancy and cytotoxicity, with alternative methods replacing the controversial Draize test.
Subacute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies investigate the effects of repeated administrations or prolonged exposure to a substance, with the number of animals used based on statistical relevance and ethical considerations.
Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies evaluate the effect of a substance on the fetus at various stages of the reproductive cycle and gestation, with protocols divided into three segments.
Pyrogen tests detect bacterial toxins in medical products and have largely been replaced by alternative methods such as the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test and monocyte activation test.
Immunodeficient animals lack one or more cell types of a normal immune system, making them useful for studying spontaneous or infectious diseases and as models in immunology and cancer research.
Nude mice, which lack a thymus gland and T cells responsible for attacking viruses and tumor cells, are widely used as genetically immunodeficient animals.
Housing immunodeficient animals in barrier caging is necessary to protect them from infectious microorganisms.Immunodeficiency Models and Antibody Production in Laboratory Animals
Nude mice lack a functional immune system due to a mutation that prevents T cell development.
SCID mice carry a mutation that causes the absence of both T and B cells, making them highly susceptible to infections.
Other immunodeficiency models include mice with defects in B cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and complement proteins.
Immunodeficiency can also be induced in animals through surgery, chemical exposure, irradiation, and induced tolerance.
Transgenic and knockout technologies have enabled the creation of animals with specific immune system genes turned off, overexpressed, induced, or conditionally expressed.
Caring for immunocompromised animals requires special precautions, including the use of positive pressure rooms, PPE, cage-change cabinets, and sterilized feed, bedding, and cages.
Antibodies are produced in response to exposure to foreign substances called antigens.
Polyclonal antibodies are produced by multiple B cell lineages and recognize different epitopes on the antigen surface.
Adjuvants such as Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants can be used to stimulate a stronger antibody response but may cause side effects and require careful handling.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by isolating and reproducing a single plasma cell producing the desired antibody, resulting in an uncontaminated antibody source.
Hybridomas, created by fusing cancerous B cells with plasma cells, can produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies both in vitro and in vivo.
Ascites production involves injecting hybridoma cells into the peritoneal cavity of mice, where they grow rapidly and produce antibody-rich fluid that can be collected by aspiration or needle insertion.Overview of Research Methods Involving Animals
The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research has published a report with recommendations for producing monoclonal antibodies that address the health and welfare of mice used in the procedure.
The development of ascites in monoclonal antibody production is considered painful and distressing, so the use of mice must be scientifically justified.
Animal models of cancer are generally classified into two types: induced and spontaneous, and close observation of the animals is necessary to evaluate the extent of tumor burden.
Humane endpoints are an integral part of cancer models and are defined in either the animal use protocol or institutional policy.
Rats are the most frequently studied laboratory animal in behavioral research, while NHPs are used due to their close phylogenetic relationship to humans.
Animals are often taught to respond to a stimulus or solve a problem for a reward, and motivation may result from the animal's desire to avoid an unpleasant stimulus such as an electric shock.
Dietary studies may be performed using any animal species, including humans, and the choice of species depends on the purpose of the study and the resources available.
The most common feeding method is ad libitum, but ad libitum feeding and watering may not be appropriate for some studies, and pair-feeding may be used to ensure equivalent consumption.
Stereotaxic apparatus is used to stabilize the head and precisely measure its dimensions from anterior to posterior, and lateral to medial for neurosurgical research.
Bioimaging uses various types of imaging technologies to gather data from both large and small animal models, including ultrasound, MRI, PET, SPECT, CT, and fluorescent and bioluminescence systems.
Bioimaging studies involve restraint, administration of substances by intravenous catheters or other means, anesthetic regimens of varying lengths, and a monitored recovery period.
Various kinds of probes are used in bioimaging to detect specific molecules and products of chemical processes in the imaged tissue, and radioactive probes are used in PET and SPECT, which requires adherence to all radiation safety procedures and principles.
Other imaging probes use bioluminescence to visualize cells, molecules, or processes, and the probe is called a reporter protein because it can be detected easily but is not present normally in the animal.Considerations for Laboratory Animal Imaging and Research
Laboratory animal imaging is used to enhance the contrast between anatomical structures for different imaging modalities.
Contrast agents used for imaging vary depending on the type of imaging modality.
Some imaging equipment is small and can be kept in labs and procedure rooms near animal housing areas.
Other equipment, like MRI machines, are very large and require a separate room or building.
Biohazards are not a concern when handling animals with contrast agents.
Safe transport of animal subjects to and from imaging sites must be arranged when imaging equipment is in remote locations.
Cleaning SOPs should be followed for situations in which human patient equipment is shared with laboratory animals.
Animal research methodologies span studies in toxicology, cancer, genetics, immunology, behavior, neuroscience, and diet, among others.
Laboratory animal technicians must understand how each type of study may affect the animals under their care.
It is important to consider the health changes that might be expected in an animal undergoing toxicity testing.
Husbandry practices are vital to protect the health of animals with an immunodeficiency.
Laboratory animal technicians may have responsibilities in conducting research procedures, such as measuring food consumption or injecting test substances.

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Description

Are you familiar with the various animal research methods used in laboratories today? Do you know what toxicology is and how it can affect animal and human populations? This quiz will test your knowledge of animal research methods, including toxicology, immunodeficiency models, and monoclonal antibody production. You'll also learn about animal models of cancer, behavioral research, dietary studies, and bioimaging. Whether you're a laboratory animal technician or simply interested in the field of animal research, this quiz will challenge