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Animal Reproduction Methods
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Animal Reproduction Methods

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

  • To produce sperm.
  • To excrete waste products.
  • To propel sperm through the vas deferens.
  • To store and mature sperm. (correct)
  • What is the process called when a mature egg is released from the ovary?

  • Oogenesis.
  • Gametogenesis.
  • Menstruation.
  • Ovulation. (correct)
  • What type of neuron transmits information about external stimuli such as light, touch, or smell?

  • Sensory neurons. (correct)
  • Motor neurons.
  • Interneurons.
  • Glial cells.
  • What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in reproduction?

    <p>To secrete GnRH, which directs the release of FSH and LH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the junction between an axon and another cell?

    <p>Synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the membrane potential of a neuron that is not sending signals?

    <p>Resting potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth?

    <p>Oxytocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which gametes are produced from germ cells?

    <p>Gametogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the creation of an offspring by fusion of an egg and sperm?

    <p>Sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major source of membrane potential in a neuron?

    <p>The buildup of negative charge within the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of channels trigger a depolarization in a neuron?

    <p>Gated Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body in bilaterally symmetrical animals?

    <p>Cephalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glial cells in the nervous system?

    <p>To nourish, support, and regulate neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to be remodeled after birth?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the brain that coordinates movement and balance and helps in learning and remembering motor skills?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a massive change in membrane voltage that results from a sufficient depolarization?

    <p>Action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the brain that includes the body's thermostat and biological clock?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nerve composed of?

    <p>Multiple axons of multiple neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest structure in the brain that is essential for language, cognition, memory, and consciousness?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction: creation of offspring by fusion of haploid gametes, with advantages of increased genetic variation and adaptation to changing environments.
    • Asexual reproduction: creation of offspring without fusion of egg and sperm, with advantages of rapid reproduction and genetic uniformity, but rare in vertebrates.
    • Examples of animals that reproduce sexually: most vertebrates; examples of animals that reproduce asexually: sponges and hydra.

    Fertilization

    • Internal fertilization: occurs in a dry environment, with fewer gametes produced but higher survival chances.
    • External fertilization: occurs in a moist environment, with more gametes produced but lower survival chances.

    Reproductive Organs

    • Gonad: organs that produce gametes (testes in males, ovaries in females).
    • Male reproductive organs: sperm produced in seminiferous tubules, pass through epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra.
    • Female reproductive organs: eggs produced in ovaries, travel through oviduct to uterus.

    Gametogenesis

    • Gametogenesis: production of gametes from germ cells.
    • Spermatogenesis: formation of sperm, producing 4 sperm with no interruptions.
    • Oogenesis: development of a mature egg, producing 1 egg with a prolonged process that stops at menopause.

    Hormones in Reproduction

    • Hormones involved in reproduction: GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogens (estradiol and progesterone).
    • Regulation of ovarian and menstrual cycles by sex hormones.
    • Menopause: end of ovarian and menstrual cycles in females.

    Neurons and Signaling

    Structure of a Neuron

    • Cell body: contains most of a neuron's organelles.
    • Dendrites: highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
    • Axon: longer extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses.
    • Synapse: junction between an axon and another cell.

    Types of Neurons

    • Sensory neurons: transmit information about external stimuli.
    • Interneurons: integrate and interpret information.
    • Motor neurons: transmit signals to muscle cells, causing contraction.

    Glial Cells

    • Glial cells (Glia): supporting cells that nourish, support, and regulate neurons.

    Mechanisms of Signal Transmission

    • Resting potential: membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals, with many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels.
    • Action potential: changes in membrane potential, signals conducted by axons, resulting in a massive change in membrane voltage.

    Nervous Systems

    Nerve and CNS

    • Nerve: axons of multiple neurons bundled together.
    • CNS: central nervous system, consisting of brain and spinal cord.
    • PNS: peripheral nervous system, consisting of neurons carrying information in and out of CNS.

    Structure of Brain

    • Forebrain: includes cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and amygdala.
    • Midbrain
    • Hindbrain: includes cerebellum, medulla, and pons.

    Cephalization and Neuronal Plasticity

    • Cephalization: clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body in bilaterally symmetrical animals.
    • Neuronal plasticity: ability of the nervous system to be remodeled after birth.

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    Description

    Learn about the different methods of animal reproduction, including sexual and asexual reproduction, and their advantages. Explore examples of animals that use each method.

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