15 Questions
What is the main goal of breeding farm animals?
To improve the characteristics of the offspring
What is the result of the union of an egg and a sperm during reproduction?
The creation of a new individual
What determines the characteristics expressed by the offspring?
The genetic information passed on by the parents
What is the role of gametes in reproduction?
To pass on genetic information from the parents
What is the underlying principle of breeding farm animals?
Artificial selection
What is the primary function of the cytoplasm in a cell?
To regulate cell metabolism
What is the term for the scattered particles of chromatin seen in the nucleus of a cell?
Chromatin granules
How many pairs of chromosomes are typically found in a donkey?
33 pairs
What is the term for the process of gamete formation in cells?
Gametogenesis
What is the characteristic of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell?
They are similar in size and shape
What is the material that surrounds the nucleus in a cell?
Cytoplasm
What is the term for the thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell?
Cell membrane
What is the term for the complex, interwoven threads of chromatin seen in the nucleus of a cell?
Chromatin network
How many pairs of chromosomes are typically found in horses?
30 pairs
What is the characteristic of chromatin in the nucleus of a properly prepared and stained cell?
It has an affinity for certain dyes
Study Notes
Breeding of Farm Animals
- Breeding is based on the concept that certain characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.
- The goal of breeding is to produce offspring that are as good as or better than their parents.
Reproduction
- Reproduction occurs through the union of an egg (ovum) from the female parent and a sperm from the male parent.
- The characteristics expressed by the offspring result from the information passed on by the parents through these gametes.
Cell Structure and Organization
- All living organisms, including plants and animals, are composed of small microscopic units of organized life called cells.
- Cells are made up of protoplasm, a viscous, jellylike material, surrounded by a thin cell membrane.
- Cells can be single-celled (protozoa or microbes) or composed of millions/billions of cells specialized into different groups or types performing specific functions.
Cell Components
- All cells have two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
- The nucleus is oval-shaped, consisting of thick protoplasm in the center of the cell.
- Cytoplasm is the thin, watery portion of the protoplasm surrounding the nucleus.
Chromatin and Chromosomes
- Chromatin is the dark-stained material present in the nucleus, visible under a microscope.
- Chromatin can take different forms depending on the stage of cell activity, including chromatin granules, chromatin network, or rod-shaped bodies called chromosomes.
- Chromosomes occur in pairs in diploid cells, with each pair consisting of homologous chromosomes (similar in size and shape).
- Each species has a characteristic number of chromosome pairs (e.g., 30 in cattle, 27 in sheep, 30 in horses, 33 in donkeys).
Inheritance and Gametogenesis
- During gametogenesis, one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes is passed on to each gamete.
- On fertilization, the zygote receives one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes from each parent (father through sperm, mother through ovum).
- The number of chromosome pairs is restored in newborn individuals.
- The members of homologous chromosomes segregate and assort in all possible combinations according to the laws of chance or probability among the gametes contributed by the individual to the next generation.
- Hereditary material/genes present on these chromosomes is transmitted from parents to offspring.
This quiz discusses the different types of mating systems and how breeding of farm animals is based on the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.
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