Animal Nutrition and Digestion
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Questions and Answers

What are the three dietary categories of animals?

  • Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
  • Predators, Scavengers, Parasites
  • Herbivores, Insectivores, Carnivores
  • Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores (correct)

    • What is one essential nutrient that animals cannot synthesize?

  • Cholesterol
  • Fatty acids (correct)
  • Glucose
  • Saturated fats

    • What is the process that allows animals to avoid self-digestion?

  • Enzymatic hydrolysis
  • Compartmentalization (correct)
  • Gastrointestinal transit
  • Intracellular digestion

    • Which type of digestion occurs within a cell?

    <p>Intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is an example of a creature with a gastrovascular cavity?

    <p>Jellyfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cells are found in the gastric glands and are responsible for secreting components of gastric juice?

    <p>Mucus cells, chief cells, and parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by the parietal cells?

    <p>To convert pepsinogen to pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does pepsin play in the stomach?

    <p>It digests proteins and activates more pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of gastric juice is secreted by the chief cells?

    <p>Pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protective function does mucus serve in the stomach?

    <p>It lubricates and protects the stomach lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pyloric sphincter play in digestion?

    <p>It regulates the passage of chyme to the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is formed when pepsinogen is activated by acid in the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gastric juices in the stomach?

    <p>To initiate the digestion of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heartburn caused by?

    <p>Backflow of acid chyme through the cardiac orifice into the esophagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive enzyme is not produced by the pancreas?

    <p>Bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bile salts in fat digestion?

    <p>To emulsify fat globules for easier digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pancreas' bicarbonate secretion?

    <p>To neutralize stomach acid entering the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins in the small intestine?

    <p>Pancreatic trypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes chyme?

    <p>Gastric juices combined with partially digested food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the pancreas?

    <p>Secretion of bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the final products of protein digestion in the small intestine?

    <p>Amino acids and small peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the esophageal sphincter muscle when a person is not swallowing?

    <p>It remains contracted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the digestion of proteins in the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is prevented by mucus in the stomach?

    <p>Peptic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the small intestine is responsible for receiving chyme from the stomach?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the epiglottis play during the swallowing reflex?

    <p>It prevents food from entering the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fat digestion, what prevents fat droplets from coalescing into larger globules?

    <p>Bile salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

    <p>Oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks down smaller polypeptides into amino acids?

    <p>Pancreatic carboxypeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of digestion occurs in the lumen of the small intestine?

    <p>Both enzymatic and mechanical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are absorbed by the epithelium of the small intestine?

    <p>Dipeptides, amino acids, and nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of salivary amylase?

    <p>It breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed from the digestion of fats?

    <p>Glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction occurs when a bolus of food reaches the pharynx?

    <p>The swallowing reflex is triggered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pancreatic enzymes is accurate?

    <p>They are inactive until they reach the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of bile salts in digestion is to?

    <p>Emulsify fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of digestion involves waves of muscular contractions to move food along the digestive tract?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate?

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the colon?

    <p>Reabsorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about microflora in the colon is true?

    <p>They produce vitamins that can be absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the absorption of nutrients primarily take place?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inactive form of pepsin?

    <p>Pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What food group does amylase primarily break down?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the appendix play in the human body?

    <p>Defense against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for nutrient absorption in the small intestine?

    <p>Villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial mixture created in the oral cavity before swallowing?

    <p>Bolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the oral cavity?

    <p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is used to move food through the esophagus to the stomach?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the epiglottis play during swallowing?

    <p>Covers the vocal cords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of bile salts?

    <p>Hydrolyze carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for nucleic acid digestion?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules do pancreatic proteases primarily cleave?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of disaccharidases in the small intestine?

    <p>Break down disaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is part of the digestive tract after the stomach?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance helps to break down proteins into smaller peptides in the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate time food typically spends in the stomach?

    <p>2-6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces the majority of saliva in the mouth?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do sphincters serve in the digestive system?

    <p>Control the passage of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of smaller fat droplets in the digestive process?

    <p>Bile salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a complete digestive system from an incomplete digestive system?

    <p>A complete digestive system allows food to pass in one direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gastric cavities is true?

    <p>Gastrovascular cavities serve two main functions including digestion and distribution of nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of digestion used by Porifera and Cnidaria?

    <p>Intracellular digestion using specialized cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intracellular digestion differ from extracellular digestion?

    <p>Intracellular digestion occurs within cells, while extracellular digestion occurs outside of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism commonly exhibits both intracellular and extracellular digestion?

    <p>Most animals with a complete digestive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mechanical digestion in the digestive process?

    <p>To break down food into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of digestion do nutrient molecules enter body cells?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes extracellular digestion?

    <p>Digestion occurs within a specific compartment of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do herbivores primarily rely on for energy?

    <p>A variety of plant-based foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do animals prevent self-digestion during the digestive process?

    <p>By processing food in specialized compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sodium bicarbonate released by the pancreas?

    <p>To neutralize acid chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures in the small intestine enhances nutrient absorption?

    <p>Villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the colon?

    <p>Reabsorbs water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the large intestine contributes to the production of vitamins?

    <p>Microflora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the duodenum to stimulate the pancreas?

    <p>CCK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the colon in an average adult human?

    <p>1.5 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the small finger-like projections in the intestinal wall called?

    <p>Villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the colon?

    <p>Digesting proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a bolus of food reaches the pharynx?

    <p>The epiglottis tips over the glottis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the oral cavity?

    <p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is produced by the pancreas during digestion?

    <p>Pancreatic lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pyloric sphincter play in the digestive process?

    <p>It regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin?

    <p>To cleave bonds adjacent to specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the final products of carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the epiglottis during swallowing?

    <p>It tips over the glottis to prevent entry of food into the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of peristalsis?

    <p>Food is pushed down the esophagus by waves of muscular contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of digestion takes place in the lumen of the small intestine?

    <p>Chemical digestion of proteins and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bile salts during fat digestion?

    <p>To emulsify fat globules, preventing them from coalescing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the absorption process in the small intestine?

    <p>Most nutrients are absorbed through the epithelium of the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the epiglottis is accurate during swallowing?

    <p>It prevents food from entering the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are nucleic acids digested in the small intestine?

    <p>By nucleases that break down DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the pyloric sphincter serve in digestion?

    <p>Controls the passage of chyme to the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is specifically activated in the duodenum to initiate protein digestion?

    <p>Trypsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of gastric juice is most responsible for creating an acidic environment?

    <p>Hydrochloric acid (HCl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pepsin in the stomach?

    <p>It aids in the digestion of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of bile salts in fat digestion?

    <p>To emulsify fat globules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes chyme?

    <p>Partially digested food combined with gastric juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of backflow of acid chyme through the cardiac orifice?

    <p>Heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive enzyme does NOT fall under the category of proteases?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the small intestine, what is the primary function of brush border enzymes?

    <p>Further breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions related to digestion?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of intestinal juices in the duodenum?

    <p>To neutralize stomach acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are NOT final products of protein digestion in the small intestine?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pancreas play in digestion?

    <p>Produces enzymes for protein, carbohydrate, and fat digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of salivary amylase in the oral cavity?

    <p>Converts polysaccharides to disaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the swallowing process, what role does the epiglottis perform?

    <p>Covers the glottis to prevent food entry into the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive component is primarily responsible for protein digestion in the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for carbohydrate digestion to disaccharides?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do bile salts serve during fat digestion?

    <p>Emulsify fat globules for increased enzyme action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is peristalsis?

    <p>Involuntary contractions that move food through the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly represents the organs food passes through from mouth to stomach?

    <p>Mouth -&gt; Pharynx -&gt; Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pyloric sphincter in the digestive process?

    <p>Regulates the release of chyme into the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are proteins broken down into amino acids in the small intestine?

    <p>Through the action of proteases like trypsin and chymotrypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT produced by the pancreas?

    <p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the gallbladder in digestion?

    <p>Store and concentrate bile until needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily occurs in the lumen of the small intestine?

    <p>Digestion of fats and absorption of glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed in the oral cavity before swallowing?

    <p>Bolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal Digestion

    • Animals are categorized into herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores based on their diets.
    • All animals need fuel for energy and essential nutrients (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals) that cannot be synthesized.
    • Food processing occurs in four stages: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
    • Mechanical digestion physically breaks down food, while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down large molecules.
    • Digestion can be intracellular (within cells) or extracellular (in a specific compartment).
    • Intracellular digestion: involves food vacuoles and lysosomes.
    • Extracellular digestion: occurs in a gastrovascular cavity, where enzymes are released and digestion is later completed intracellularly.
    • Gastrovascular cavities are found in simple animals like cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish and corals) and function in both digestion and distribution of nutrients
    • Some animals with simple body plans have one opening (serving as both mouth and anus), while more complex animals have a complete digestive tract with two openings (mouth and anus).
    • The complete digestive tract allows for specialized compartments and one-way movement of food.
    • The human digestive system has multiple accessory glands (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas).
    • The key parts of the human alimentary canal include the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine with anus as the exit.
    • The small intestine is where most absorption occurs, with villi and microvilli increasing the surface area for absorption.
    • The large intestine is responsible for water reabsorption, vitamin production by bacteria, and waste elimination.
    • Peristalsis, rhythmic contractions, moves food through the alimentary canal.
    • Sphincters regulate the passage of food between different parts of the digestive system.
    • Specific enzymes like salivary amylase, pepsin, and pancreatic enzymes are involved in different stages of the digestive process.
    • Stomach secretions include HCI and pepsinogen, which converts to pepsin to digest proteins.
    • The pancreas and liver produce hormones (e.g., gastrin, secretin, CCK, and enteroendrocrine) for hormonal control of digestion.
    • The pancreas produces various digestive enzymes including proteases, amylase, lipases, and nucleases that work in the duodenum.
    • The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where enzymes from the pancreas are released into the small intestine.
    • Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile salts act as emulsifiers to aid in fat digestion.

    Microbiome

    • The human gut contains 500-1,000 microbial species.
    • Commensal bacteria convert dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids, which provide the body with energy and vitamin K.
    • Research focuses on the microbiome's role in the gut-brain axis and its impact on anxiety, obesity, and memory.
    • Factors such as antibiotics, fermented foods (e.g., sauerkraut, yogurt), and fecal transplantation can affect gut microflora.

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