Animal Kingdom Classification - Chapter One

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Questions and Answers

How does the environmental diversity affect animal classification?

Environmental diversity leads to variations in animal characteristics, influencing their classification based on habitat, physiology, and behavior.

Explain the significance of morphological characteristics in animal classification.

Morphological characteristics serve as the primary criteria for distinguishing different animal groups and establishing their relationships.

What role does taxonomy play in the classification of animals?

Taxonomy provides a systematic framework for grouping and categorizing the vast number of animal species based on their morphological characteristics.

What is the lowest rank in the taxonomic unit and give an example?

<p>The lowest rank in the taxonomic unit is species, with examples including man (Homo sapiens), pigeon (Columba livia), and toad (Bufo spp.).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many species of animals have been discovered, and why is this number significant?

<p>Approximately 1.5 million species have been discovered, and this number is significant as it reflects the vast diversity of life and the ongoing exploration of the animal kingdom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary habitats for members of the Phylum Cnidaria?

<p>Members of Phylum Cnidaria are primarily found in marine environments, but many species live in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and canals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the general body structure of organisms in Phylum Platyhelminthes.

<p>Organisms in Phylum Platyhelminthes have a flat, bisexual body that is often covered with a thick cuticle, and may possess suckers and hooks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial feature of the body cavity in Phylum Nematoda?

<p>The body cavity in Phylum Nematoda is tubular and lacks a true coelom, being without a lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the locomotion mechanisms differ between Cnidaria and Annelida?

<p>In Cnidaria, locomotion is facilitated by cnidoblast cells, while Annelida relies on setae in their segments, although leeches lack setae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the digestive system characteristics of organisms from Phylum Platyhelminthes.

<p>Many species in Phylum Platyhelminthes have an incomplete or absent digestive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant reproductive characteristic is generally noted in Phylum Nematoda?

<p>Most members of Phylum Nematoda are unisexual, meaning they have distinct male and female organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the segmented structure of the Annelida and its functional significance.

<p>Annelids have a tubular body divided into segments, which allows for greater flexibility and mobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the excretory system found in earthworms and leeches?

<p>Nephridia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two habitat types where members of the phylum Arthropoda can be found.

<p>Land and marine waters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature allows echinoderms to move and capture prey?

<p>Tube feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the body covering of mollusks.

<p>Soft body usually covered with a hard shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of Chordata that plays a crucial role in their structure?

<p>The notochord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many symmetrical parts does an adult echinoderm typically have?

<p>Five equal parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of body cavity is present in arthropods?

<p>Haemocoel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of respiration can occur in mollusks?

<p>Lungs and gills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of environment are echinoderms exclusively found?

<p>Marine environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key feature distinguishes the nervous system of Cephalochordata from that of Urochordata?

<p>In Cephalochordata, the dorsal tubular nerve cord is present along the entire length of the body, whereas in Urochordata, it is only present during the larval stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the notochord in Vertebrata compared to other chordates.

<p>In Vertebrata, the notochord is present only during embryonic development and is replaced by the vertebral column in adults, contrasting with other chordates where the notochord may persist throughout life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the respiratory systems of Amphibia differ from those of Reptilia?

<p>Amphibia use both gills and lungs for respiration depending on their life stage, while Reptilia primarily rely on lungs throughout their life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences in skin characteristics between Amphibia and Reptilia?

<p>Amphibian skin is thin, soft, moist, and lacks scales, whereas reptilian skin is dry and covered with scales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the body structure of Chondrichthyes and its significance for their marine habitat.

<p>Chondrichthyes have a cartilaginous skeleton and a streamlined body with placoid scales, which enhance their hydrodynamics and agility in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of reproductive strategies, how do Osteichthyes typically differ from Amphibia?

<p>Osteichthyes primarily lay eggs in water and do not exhibit larval stages like Amphibia, which lay eggs that hatch into larvae needing gills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique morphological trait is found in Cyclostomata, and what is its ecological implication?

<p>Cyclostomata are characterized by the absence of true jaws and paired appendages, allowing them to occupy a niche as scavengers or parasites in aquatic environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main difference in the habitat preferences between Class Chondrichthyes and Class Osteichthyes.

<p>Chondrichthyes are exclusively marine, while Osteichthyes can be found in both freshwater and marine environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptations do amphibians possess to live both in water and on land?

<p>Amphibians have permeable skin for gas exchange in water and lungs for breathing on land, facilitating their dual life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Classification

The process of organizing living things into groups based on similarities and differences.

Species

The lowest rank of a taxonomic unit, representing a group of similar organisms that can interbreed.

Taxonomy

The branch of biology that deals with classification, identification, and naming of organisms.

Morphological Characteristics

Characteristics that determine an organism's external structure, such as shape, size, and color.

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Invertebrates

Groups of animals that lack a vertebral column (backbone).

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What is Phylum Cnidaria?

A phylum of aquatic animals characterized by a radial body plan, a stinging cell called a cnidoblast, and a gastrovascular cavity. They can be solitary or form colonies. Examples include jellyfish, hydra, and corals.

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What distinguishes phylum Platyheminthe?

A phylum containing flatworms, many of which are parasitic, living on or inside other organisms. They are bilaterally symmetrical and lack a true coelom. Examples include tapeworms, flukes, and planaria.

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What are the main features of Phylum Nematoda?

A phylum of cylindrical worms characterized by a complete digestive system with a mouth and anus, a thick cuticle covering, and a lack of body cavity. Examples include roundworms, hookworms, and pinworms.

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What are the key features of Phylum Annelida?

A phylum of segmented worms with segmented bodies, containing a coelom, a closed circulatory system, and a well-developed nervous system. They are found in diverse habitats. Examples include earthworms, leeches, and marine worms.

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What are cnidoblasts?

A specialized stinging cell found in Cnidarians, used for defense, prey capture, and locomotion. It contains a coiled thread that is released upon contact with a stimulus.

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What is a gastrovascular cavity?

A single opening in Cnidarians that acts as both a mouth and an anus, serving for both ingestion and excretion. It also functions in circulation and digestion.

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What are flame cells?

A type of excretory cell found in Platyhelminthes, with a flame-shaped structure, which removes waste products from the body.

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Nephridia

A type of excretory system found in some invertebrates, like earthworms and leeches, that removes waste products from the body fluid.

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Phylum Arthropoda

The largest animal phylum, with diverse species adapted to nearly every habitat on Earth.

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Chitinous exoskeleton

The hard, protective outer covering of arthropods, made of chitin.

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Haemocoel

A body cavity filled with blood, found in arthropods.

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Phylum Mollusca

A phylum of animals known for their soft bodies and often a hard shell, with diverse forms and habitats.

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Muscular Foot

The muscular, fleshy structure used for locomotion in mollusks.

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Phylum Echinodermata

A phylum of exclusively marine animals, characterized by their radial symmetry and unique water-vascular system.

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Notochord

A rod-like, flexible structure that provides support and is present at some stage in the life cycle of all chordates.

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Phylum Chordata

The phylum that includes all animals with a notochord, encompassing a wide range of organisms including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Chordates

A group of animals that have a notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a post-anal tail at some stage in their life cycle.

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Dorsal tubular nerve cord

A hollow tube that runs along the back of the body, containing nerves.

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Pharyngeal pouches

Openings in the throat that filter food and water, found in chordates.

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Post-anal Tail

A tail that extends beyond the anus, present in chordates.

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Vertebrata

A subphylum of chordates that includes all vertebrates.

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Urochordata

A subphylum of chordates characterized by a notochord present only in the larval stage and restricted to the tail, and gill slits and a dorsal tubular nerve cord present only in the early stage of the life cycle.

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Cephalochordata

A subphylum of chordates that includes lancelets, characterized by a notochord and nerve cord extending along the entire body for life.

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Chondrichthyes

A class of vertebrates that includes fish-like animals with cartilaginous skeletons, placoid scales, and 5-7 pairs of gills.

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Study Notes

Chapter One: Classification of Animal Kingdom

  • The world has numerous diverse animal groups, from microscopic organisms to large animals like whales.
  • Animal diversity is influenced by habitat variations.
  • Classification is a necessary method for easily understanding the vast animal kingdom.

Lesson 1: Classification of Animal Kingdom

  • Animals vary in their characteristics, structure, and physiology.
  • Some have vertebral columns, others do not.
  • Animals inhabit diverse environments (land, water, trees).
  • Animals exhibit different feeding habits and locomotion methods (fins, wings, legs, cilia, appendages).
  • Some animals are sessile (immobile).

Lesson 2-5: Classification of Invertebrate Animals

  • All animals belong to the Kingdom Animalia.
  • Protozoa is a sub-kingdom,
  • Animals are classified into nine phyla.
  • The first eight phyla are invertebrates.
  • The ninth phylum is vertebrates.

Phylum-Porifera (Sponges)

  • Sponges are found worldwide (marine and freshwater).
  • They live in colonies.
  • They have a simple multicellular body with pores.
  • Food and oxygen enter through the pores.

Phylum-Cnidaria (Coelenterata)

  • Found in various environments (global).
  • Some species are solitary, others colonial.
  • They can be ecto- or endo-parasites.
  • They utilize stinging cells for defense and capturing prey.

Phylum-Platyhelminthes

  • Members are diverse in structure and habitat - freshwater, wet soil.
  • Some live as ecto- or endo-parasites (outside or inside other organisms).
  • Flat body, bisexual, and mostly parasitic.
  • Some have suckers and hooks.

Phylum-Nematoda

  • Many are endo-parasites (living inside other organisms).
  • They live in intestines and blood of animals and humans.
  • Some species are free-living in water and soil.

Phylum-Annelida

  • Majority of species inhabits damp soil, freshwater and seawater.
  • Body is tubular and segmented.
  • Uses setae (bristles) for locomotion (except in leeches).
  • Nephridia are the excretory system.

Phylum-Arthropoda

  • Largest animal phylum.
  • Extremely diverse with various habitats (ranging from land to water, to air).
  • Segmented body, with joint appendages.
  • Exoskeleton made of chitin.
  • Body cavity is a haemocoel.

Phylum-Mollusca

  • Show diversity in form and habitat.
  • Mostly marine, some live in freshwater and terrestrial environments.
  • Soft body (often with a shell).
  • Muscular foot for movement.
  • Gaseous exchange occurs through gills or lungs.

Phylum-Echinodermata

  • All species are marine.
  • Body is divided into five equal parts (pentamerous).
  • Unique water vascular system helps with movement.
  • They have spiny skin.

Phylum-Chordata

  • Found in various environments (global).
  • Notochord serves as a supportive structure during some part of life.
  • Present in all vertebrates at some embryonic stage, but replaced by vertebral column in adults.

Class-Cyclostomata

  • Fish-like with round bodies and no jaws or paired appendages.
  • Skin is smooth.

Class-Chondrichthyes

  • All marine.
  • Cartilaginous skeleton.
  • Skin with placoid scales.
  • 5-7 pairs of gills.

Class-Osteichthyes

  • Mostly freshwater.
  • Bony skeleton.
  • Skin with cycloid or ctenoid scales.
  • Gills are protected by operculum.

Class-Amphibia

  • Skin is smooth and moist.
  • Lay eggs in water.
  • Tadpole stage with gills, followed by development into adults.

Class-Reptilia

  • Skin with scales.
  • Mostly terrestrial; some are aquatic.
  • Lay eggs on land.

Class-Aves

  • Body covered with feathers.
  • Two wings, two legs, and a beak.
  • Bones are lightweight.

Class-Mammalia

  • Body covered with hair or fur.
  • Female nourish young with milk.
  • Warm-blooded.

Lesson 9: Necessity of Classification

  • Classification is a scientific method to understand animals and plants.
  • It involves identifying taxa (categories)
  • This process helps determine relationships between groups and allows researchers to classify new species.
  • It is also used to understand evolutionary trends.

General Information

  • Binomial nomenclature, or two-name naming system, is used for naming animals.
  • Vertebrates are advanced animals.
  • Their notochord is replaced by a vertebral column (composed of bone or cartilage).
  • Respiratory system varies between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.
  • Chordates have a notochord, nerve chord, and pharyngeal gill slits at some stage in their life.

Exercises

  • Note the information requested.

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