Animal Diversity and Characteristics

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Questions and Answers

Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for providing structural support, flexibility, and facilitating joint movement?

  • Bone
  • Cartilage (correct)
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

  • Providing electrical insulation for neurons
  • Maintaining ion balance in the surrounding neurons
  • Scavenging foreign matter and debris
  • Conducting nerve impulses (correct)

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart?

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle (correct)
  • Smooth muscle
  • All of the above

Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Afferent neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?

<p>To secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for regulating blood glucose levels and stress responses?

<p>Endocrine System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

<p>Contraction and movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the flow of information in a basic neuron circuit?

<p>Sensory receptor -&gt; Interneuron -&gt; Efferent neuron -&gt; Effector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a sensory receptor?

<p>To generate a change in membrane potential in response to stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sensory receptors?

<p>They directly transmit action potentials to the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting touch, pressure, and vibration?

<p>Mechanoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proprioceptors?

<p>To monitor and maintain body and limb positions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the transformation of sensory information into neural signals?

<p>Stimuli cause a change in membrane potential in sensory receptors, leading to the generation of action potentials in afferent neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional difference between the three structural forms of sensory receptors: free nerve endings, enclosed nerve endings, and separate cells?

<p>They differ in the way they transduce stimuli into neural signals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the compound eye of an insect differ from the human eye?

<p>Insect eyes have multiple visual units that provide a wide field of view. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear is responsible for converting sound waves into mechanical vibrations?

<p>The middle ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the role of calcium ions in synaptic transmission at a chemical synapse?

<p>Calcium ions trigger the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, leading to neurotransmitter release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do electrical synapses differ from chemical synapses in terms of the type of signal transmission?

<p>Electrical synapses rely on direct ion flow between cells through gap junctions, while chemical synapses utilize neurotransmitter release and receptor binding for signal transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurotransmitters?

<p>Neurotransmitters are always excitatory, promoting the firing of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of summation in synaptic transmission?

<p>Summation allows for the integration of multiple presynaptic inputs, determining whether a postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ionotropic receptors in synaptic transmission?

<p>Ionotropic receptors bind to neurotransmitters and directly open ion channels, allowing for rapid changes in membrane potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the evolution of the nervous system?

<p>Simple nervous systems evolved first, followed by more complex nervous systems with specialized structures and functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in the transmission of an impulse through an electrical synapse compared to a chemical synapse?

<p>Electrical synapses transmit the signal faster than chemical synapses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'integration' refer to in the context of the nervous system?

<p>The process of combining and processing information from multiple sources to generate a coordinated response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the binding of calcium ions to the troponin complex have on the thin filaments of the sarcomere?

<p>It exposes the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm were to decrease, what would be the immediate effect on muscle contraction?

<p>The muscle would relax as the myosin binding sites on actin would be covered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) in muscle contraction?

<p>It acts as a voltage sensor, transmitting the action potential to the ryanodine receptor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

<p>ATP is required for both the binding and detachment of the myosin head from actin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind the generation of force in a muscle during contraction?

<p>The sliding of the thin filaments past the thick filaments due to cyclical cross-bridge formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a hydrostatic skeleton?

<p>It is composed of rigid external structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature allows both plants and animals to use pheromones for communication?

<p>The mechanism by which pheromones trigger cellular responses involves binding to specific receptor proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensory adaptation is most relevant to which of the following statements related to smell?

<p>The diminished response to a constant odour over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the function of nociceptors?

<p>Nociceptors signal the brain about potentially damaging stimuli, leading to the perception of pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of ecdysis?

<p>The shedding of the exoskeleton, which is necessary to accommodate the growth of an animal with an exoskeleton. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skeletal types is characterized by a rigid external body covering that provides support and protection?

<p>Exoskeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between muscle contraction and the function of a hydrostatic skeleton?

<p>The contraction of muscles within compartments filled with fluid changes the shape of the animal, enabling movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the structure and function of bone tissues?

<p>Compact bone tissue is found in areas of the skeleton that require high tensile strength and rigidity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a negative feedback loop in the context of homeostasis?

<p>A process that returns a variable to its set point after it has deviated, minimizing the difference between the current level and the set point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an endotherm?

<p>Relies primarily on external sources of heat, like sunlight or warm water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between homeostasis and thermoregulation?

<p>Homeostasis is a broader concept than thermoregulation, encompassing the regulation of all physiological variables, while thermoregulation is specifically focused on maintaining body temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a homeotherm?

<p>Capable of maintaining a consistent body temperature despite environmental fluctuations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a positive feedback loop in the context of homeostasis?

<p>A decrease in blood pressure triggers the release of hormones that cause vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in blood pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of feedforward in homeostasis?

<p>Feedforward anticipates future needs and adjusts physiology in advance, allowing for a smoother transition between changing environmental conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an ectotherm, but NOT an endotherm?

<p>Relies primarily on external sources of heat, like sunlight or ambient air temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A heterotherm is best defined as an organism that:

<p>Shifts between maintaining a consistent body temperature and allowing its temperature to fluctuate with changes in the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Functions of Nervous System

Functions include reception, integration, transmission, and response of signals.

Synapses

Site where neurons communicate with each other or other effectors.

Presynaptic Cell

Neuron that sends a signal to another neuron across a synapse.

Postsynaptic Cell

Neuron that receives the signal from a presynaptic cell.

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Electrical Synapse

Fast synapse where ions flow directly between connected neurons.

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Chemical Synapse

Synapse where neurotransmitters are released into a synaptic cleft.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers released in a synapse that bind to receptors.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle.

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Cartilage

Connective tissue providing support, flexibility, and aiding joint movement.

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Adipose tissue

Connective tissue that stores energy, insulates, and provides padding.

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Fibrous Connective Tissue

Tissue known for strength and elasticity, providing support.

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Neuron

A nerve cell that transmits information throughout the body.

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Afferent Neurons

Sensory neurons that conduct information from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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Efferent Neurons

Motor neurons that carry response signals from the CNS to effectors.

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Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue composed of long contractile cells, enabling movement and posture.

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Glial Cells

Supportive cells in the nervous system that nourish and insulate neurons.

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Sensory Transduction

The process of converting sensory stimuli into neural signals.

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Sensory Receptors

Cells that detect environmental stimuli and convert them into neural activity.

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Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors that detect mechanical stimuli like touch and pressure.

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Photoreceptors

Receptors that detect light and convert it to electrical signals.

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Free Nerve Endings

The simplest type of sensory receptor that detects a variety of stimuli.

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Proprioceptors

Receptors that provide awareness of body and limb position.

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Action Potential (AP)

A rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.

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Homeostasis

Regulation of the body's internal environment near a stable level.

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Negative Feedback Loops

Minimize difference between current level and set point, returning the variable to a set point.

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Positive Feedback Loops

Moves variable away from the set point, used to quickly amplify a process.

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Feedforward

Physiology adjusted in advance to anticipate future needs, often involves learning.

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Endotherm

Organisms that get heat from internal physiological sources.

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Ectotherm

Organisms that derive heat from external environment.

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Homeotherm

Organisms that maintain a constant body temperature.

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Heterotherm

Organisms that allow their body temperature to vary with the environment.

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Smell

Detection of airborne molecules used for communication in mammals.

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Sensory adaptation

The reduction of response to a constant stimulus over time.

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Taste receptor hairs

Microvilli-derived hair extensions that detect taste stimuli.

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Smell receptor hairs

Cilia-derived hairs that contain proteins binding odor molecules.

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Pheromones

Chemical signals used for communication in animals and plants.

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Nociceptors

Receptors that detect damaging stimuli interpreted as pain.

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Hydrostatic skeleton

A fluid-filled structure providing limited protection and support.

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Bone tissues

Types of structures in the skeleton; can be compact or spongy.

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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Stores calcium and maintains low cytoplasmic calcium concentration while having high calcium concentration inside.

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Ryanodine Receptor

Calcium channel located in the sarcolemma that releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum upon activation.

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Dihydropyridine Receptor (DHPR)

Voltage-gated channel in T-tubule that plugs ryanodine receptor at rest and unblocks it during an action potential.

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Cross Bridge Binding

Process where myosin heads attach to actin binding sites to facilitate muscle contraction.

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Tetanus

Condition resulting from multiple action potentials leading to sustained muscle contraction producing more force than a single twitch.

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Study Notes

General Concepts

  • Animal = non-human animals
  • Animalia kingdom includes all members.
  • Multicellular eukaryotes (lack cell walls).
  • Heterotrophs: obtain nutrients from other organisms
  • Motile (able to move).
  • Sexual or asexual reproduction.
  • Has nervous system and muscles.

Animal Diversity

  • Diverse species
  • Diverse habitats
  • Diverse characteristics

Animal Origins

  • Common ancestor for all animals = colonial flagellated protist (Precambrian era).
  • Similarity to modern colonial flagellated species.
  • Morphological and molecular evidence supports this.

Animal Characteristics

  • Multicellular eukaryotes (lack cell walls).
  • Heterotrophs
  • Motile
  • Sexual or asexual reproduction with specialized nerves and muscles.
  • Animal cells lack cell walls, unlike plant cells.
  • Extracellular junctions provide stability in animal tissues.

Tissue Stability in Animals

  • Animal cells lack cell walls
  • Stability is achieved through extracellular junctions
  • Cell junctions maintain shape, structure, and function.

Types of Junctions

  • Anchoring junctions: attach proteins to join cells together.
  • Tight junctions: prevent things from passing through cells; hold cells tightly together.
  • Gap junctions: allow cell-cell communication and ion exchange.

Animal vs Plant Cell

  • Animal cells lack cell walls and central vacuoles, but have vacuoles.
  • Plant cells have cell walls to provide stability and central vacuoles.

Classification of Animals

  • The provided text does not explain the classification process or details of specific classifications.

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