Animal Diversity and Characteristics

<p>Afferent neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction and movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory receptor -&gt; Interneuron -&gt; Efferent neuron -&gt; Effector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate a change in membrane potential in response to stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They directly transmit action potentials to the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor and maintain body and limb positions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimuli cause a change in membrane potential in sensory receptors, leading to the generation of action potentials in afferent neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They differ in the way they transduce stimuli into neural signals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insect eyes have multiple visual units that provide a wide field of view. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The middle ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium ions trigger the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, leading to neurotransmitter release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical synapses rely on direct ion flow between cells through gap junctions, while chemical synapses utilize neurotransmitter release and receptor binding for signal transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitters are always excitatory, promoting the firing of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Summation allows for the integration of multiple presynaptic inputs, determining whether a postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors bind to neurotransmitters and directly open ion channels, allowing for rapid changes in membrane potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple nervous systems evolved first, followed by more complex nervous systems with specialized structures and functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical synapses transmit the signal faster than chemical synapses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of combining and processing information from multiple sources to generate a coordinated response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It exposes the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscle would relax as the myosin binding sites on actin would be covered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a voltage sensor, transmitting the action potential to the ryanodine receptor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP is required for both the binding and detachment of the myosin head from actin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sliding of the thin filaments past the thick filaments due to cyclical cross-bridge formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is composed of rigid external structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mechanism by which pheromones trigger cellular responses involves binding to specific receptor proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diminished response to a constant odour over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nociceptors signal the brain about potentially damaging stimuli, leading to the perception of pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shedding of the exoskeleton, which is necessary to accommodate the growth of an animal with an exoskeleton. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exoskeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contraction of muscles within compartments filled with fluid changes the shape of the animal, enabling movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact bone tissue is found in areas of the skeleton that require high tensile strength and rigidity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process that returns a variable to its set point after it has deviated, minimizing the difference between the current level and the set point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relies primarily on external sources of heat, like sunlight or warm water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis is a broader concept than thermoregulation, encompassing the regulation of all physiological variables, while thermoregulation is specifically focused on maintaining body temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capable of maintaining a consistent body temperature despite environmental fluctuations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in blood pressure triggers the release of hormones that cause vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in blood pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedforward anticipates future needs and adjusts physiology in advance, allowing for a smoother transition between changing environmental conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relies primarily on external sources of heat, like sunlight or ambient air temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shifts between maintaining a consistent body temperature and allowing its temperature to fluctuate with changes in the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functions include reception, integration, transmission, and response of signals.

Site where neurons communicate with each other or other effectors.

Neuron that sends a signal to another neuron across a synapse.

Neuron that receives the signal from a presynaptic cell.

Fast synapse where ions flow directly between connected neurons.

Synapse where neurotransmitters are released into a synaptic cleft.

Chemical messengers released in a synapse that bind to receptors.

A neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle.

Connective tissue providing support, flexibility, and aiding joint movement.

Connective tissue that stores energy, insulates, and provides padding.

Tissue known for strength and elasticity, providing support.

A nerve cell that transmits information throughout the body.

Sensory neurons that conduct information from sensory receptors to the CNS.

Motor neurons that carry response signals from the CNS to effectors.

Muscle tissue composed of long contractile cells, enabling movement and posture.

Supportive cells in the nervous system that nourish and insulate neurons.

The process of converting sensory stimuli into neural signals.

Cells that detect environmental stimuli and convert them into neural activity.

Sensory receptors that detect mechanical stimuli like touch and pressure.

Receptors that detect light and convert it to electrical signals.

The simplest type of sensory receptor that detects a variety of stimuli.

Receptors that provide awareness of body and limb position.

A rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.

Regulation of the body's internal environment near a stable level.

Minimize difference between current level and set point, returning the variable to a set point.

Moves variable away from the set point, used to quickly amplify a process.

Physiology adjusted in advance to anticipate future needs, often involves learning.

Organisms that get heat from internal physiological sources.

Organisms that derive heat from external environment.

Organisms that maintain a constant body temperature.

Organisms that allow their body temperature to vary with the environment.

Detection of airborne molecules used for communication in mammals.

The reduction of response to a constant stimulus over time.

Microvilli-derived hair extensions that detect taste stimuli.

Cilia-derived hairs that contain proteins binding odor molecules.

Chemical signals used for communication in animals and plants.

Receptors that detect damaging stimuli interpreted as pain.

A fluid-filled structure providing limited protection and support.

Types of structures in the skeleton; can be compact or spongy.

Stores calcium and maintains low cytoplasmic calcium concentration while having high calcium concentration inside.

Calcium channel located in the sarcolemma that releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum upon activation.

Voltage-gated channel in T-tubule that plugs ryanodine receptor at rest and unblocks it during an action potential.

Process where myosin heads attach to actin binding sites to facilitate muscle contraction.

Condition resulting from multiple action potentials leading to sustained muscle contraction producing more force than a single twitch.