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Questions and Answers
What characteristic distinguishes monogonont rotifers in their reproductive strategy?
Which feature is NOT a characteristic of the Phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms)?
What is the primary advantage of having a complete gut compared to an incomplete gut?
Which group of annelids is characterized by having few setae and parapodia, as well as the presence of a clitellum?
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Which term describes an organism with three germ layers?
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What is the function of the proboscis in carnivorous nemerteans?
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What is the primary difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?
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Which of the following best differentiates asymmetry from radial symmetry?
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Which of the following is NOT a form of symbiosis involving protozoans?
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What are the four super groups of protozoans commonly identified?
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How do dinoflagellates contribute to the phenomenon known as red tides?
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Which organization has a defined tissue structure with two germ layers?
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What is the significance of fossil foraminiferans related to chalk deposits?
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What is a major characteristic of Phylum Porifera?
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Which class is dominated by the polyp life stage in the Phylum Cnidaria?
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Which of the following describes the method of movement used by ciliates?
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What distinguishes schistosomes from most other flukes?
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Which of the following terms is associated with sponges?
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What is a characteristic feature of Phylum Ctenophora?
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Which of the following best explains why actively moving animals typically have bilateral symmetry?
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What is true about the main features of flatworms?
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Study Notes
Animal Classification, Phylogeny, & Organization
- Taxonomy: The science of classifying organisms.
- Diploblastic: Organisms with two germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm).
- Triploblastic: Organisms with three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm).
- Acoelomate: Lack a body cavity between the gut and body wall.
- Pseudocoelomate: Have a body cavity (pseudocoelom) that is not completely lined by mesoderm.
- Coelomate: Have a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
- Linnaeus created our system of taxonomy.
- Scientific names consist of two parts: genus and species.
- Scientific names are helpful because they provide a standardized and universally recognized way to identify and communicate about different species.
- Animals are classified according to hierarchical levels: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
- Asymmetry: No symmetrical body plan.
- Radial symmetry: Body parts arranged around a central axis.
- Bilateral symmetry: Body has two equal halves (left and right).
- Diploblastic organisms lack a mesoderm, limiting their ability to develop complex organ systems.
- Triploblastic organisms possess a mesoderm, which gives rise to more complex tissues and organs.
- Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate body plans affect internal organ arrangement and movement, impacting how an animal interacts with its environment.
- Protostomes develop the mouth first, while deuterostomes develop the anus first.
Protozoa
- Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of life.
- Prokaryote: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryote: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Binary fission: A type of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Budding: A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism.
- Symbiosis: A close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species.
- Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of another.
- Commensalism: One organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.
- Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the interaction.
- Autotrophic: Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
- Heterotrophic: Organisms that obtain food by consuming other organisms.
- Mixotrophic: Organisms that can use both autotrophic and heterotrophic methods to acquire nutrients.
- Trichocyst: Structurally similar to a cnidocyte, but can't inject toxins, they're involved in defense.
- Protozoans are intermediate between single-celled prokaryotes and multicelled eukaryotes because they have a complex cellular organization.
- Protozoans have both plant-like (photosynthesis) and animal-like (heterotrophy) characteristics.
- Protozoans reproduce both sexually and asexually.
- Symbiotic relationships with protozoans can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the host organism.
- Four supergroups of protozoans: Excavata, Amoebozoa, Rhizaria, Chromalveolata.
- Excavata possess a feeding groove that helps them obtain nutrients.
- Amoebozoa use pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) for movement and engulfing prey.
- Naked amoebas lack a shell, while shelled amoebas (testate) have a hard, protective shell.
- Rhizaria are similar to Amoebozoa in their use of pseudopodia, but have a more complex cytoskeleton.
- Foraminiferans are Rhizaria that create calcium carbonate shells.
- Fossil foraminiferans contribute to limestone and chalk deposits.
- Chromalveolata are characterized by a common ancestor possessing a secondary plastid.
- Dinoflagellates have an internal structure that consists of cellulose plates.
- Red tides are harmful algal blooms caused by rapid increase in dinoflagellate populations and result in toxins that can harm marine life and humans.
- Apicomplexans are parasitic protozoans that have distinctive apical complexes (organelles located at one end of the cell).
- Ciliates use hair-like structures called cilia for movement.
Multicellular & Tissue Levels of Organization
- Choanocyte: A specialized cell in sponges that creates water currents and filters food particles, resembling their protist ancestor.
- Spicule: A structural element made of calcium carbonate or silica found in sponges.
- Spongin: Collagen fibers that provide support and flexibility within the sponge.
- Gemmule: A dormant, resistant stage in the life cycle of freshwater sponges used for survival in harsh conditions.
- Cnidocyte: A stinging cell found in cnidarians, containing a nematocyst.
- Nematocyst: A capsule containing a coiled thread that can be ejected to paralyze prey or defend against threats.
- Phylum Porifera (sponges): Asymmetrical, lack true tissues, and use choanocytes for water filtration.
- Ascon, leucon, and sycon sponges vary in their body structure and complexity, influencing their efficiency.
- Water flow through a sponge: ostia (pores) -> spongocoel (central cavity) -> osculum (opening).
- Asexual reproduction in sponges occurs via budding or gemmulation.
- Phylum Cnidaria (jellies, corals, anemones): Radial symmetry, diploblastic, and possess cnidocytes.
- Medusa stage is typically free-swimming and bell-shaped while the polyp stage is usually sessile and cylindrical.
- Class Anthozoa is dominated by polyps, while Class Scyphozoa is dominated by medusas.
- Corals have a mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae (photosynthetic algae).
- Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies): Biradial symmetry, diploblastic, and possess eight rows of comb plates for movement.
Small Lophotrochozoans: Flatworms, Rotifers, & Ribbon Worms
- Auricle: A sensory structure in some animals, often involved in detecting water currents.
- Corona: Ciliated ring surrounding the mouth of rotifers.
- Mastax: The specialized pharynx of rotifers used for grinding food.
- Ocelli: Simple eyespots that can detect light.
- Proglottid: A segment in a tapeworm that contains reproductive organs.
- Scolex: The head of a tapeworm that has hooks and suckers for attaching to a host.
- Rhynchocoel: A fluid-filled cavity that contains the proboscis in ribbon worms.
- Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms): Triploblastic, lophotrochozoan protostome, acoelomate, bilateral symmetry, flattened bodies.
- Bilateral symmetry is advantageous for actively moving animals because it provides directionality (front/back, left/right).
- Flatworms include both parasitic (flukes, tapeworms) and non-parasitic (turbellarians).
- Free-living turbellarians have a branched gut to maximize digestion, the more branching the larger the organism.
- Trematodes (flukes) have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts, often with a larval stage.
- Schistosomes (blood flukes) are unique because they enter the human body directly through the skin, unlike most flukes that are transmitted by food.
- Cestodes (tapeworms) are highly adapted for parasitism, lacking a gut (nutrients absorbed directly from the host) and having multiple reproductive segments (proglottids).
- Pork tapeworm can be fatal because its larvae encyst in human muscle tissue.
- Phylum Rotifera: Triploblastic, lophotrochozoan protostome, pseudocoelomate, bilateral symmetry, corona.
- Parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) is more common than sexual reproduction in rotifers.
- Monogonont rotifers produce haploid eggs during periods of stress or when resources are scarce.
- Phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms): Triploblastic, lophotrochozoan protostome, acoelomate, bilateral symmetry, elongated bodies, extendable proboscis.
- Complete gut is more efficient because it allows for the specialization of digestion and absorption.
- Carnivorous nemerteans use their proboscis to capture prey.
Annelids: Metameric Worms
- **Clitellum: ** A thickened segment involved in reproduction in annelids.
- Epitoky: A dramatic transformation in some annelids, where a portion of the body becomes specialized for reproduction and swarming.
- Metamerism: The repetition of body segments along the length of an animal.
- Parapodia: Paired appendages on segmented worms used for locomotion.
- Setae: Bristles that help with movement and anchoring in segmented worms.
- Tagmatization: The specialization of body segments for specific functions.
- Two main groups of annelids: Errantia and Sedentaria.
- Metamerism allows for the development of specialized segments and more efficient movement.
- Regenerative ability: Annelids can regenerate lost body parts.
- Epitoky: Example is the Samoan palolo worm, where segments break off and swarm.
- Errantia (Mostly marine, parapodia, setae) are mobile and typically carnivorous.
- Sedentaria (Few setae and parapodia, Clitellum) are often sedentary and use tubes, such as earthworms.
- Errantia uses parapodia and setae for movement, while Sedentaria move via peristalsis.
- Annelids have diverse feeding strategies: carnivores, deposit feeders, filter feeders.
- Hirudinids (No setae, no parapodia, no internal septa, clitellum) are leeches, which are blood-sucking parasites with no parapodia or setae.
- Leeches have anticoagulants in their saliva that prevent bloodclotting, making them useful in medical settings.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of animal classification, including taxonomy, phylogeny, and body organization. This quiz covers essential concepts like germ layers, body cavities, and the hierarchical system of classification developed by Linnaeus. Test your knowledge on how animals are categorized based on their physical and genetic traits.
