Animal Classification and Physiology

Kingdom Animalia: Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
Major Phyla:
- Chordata: Animals with a notochord (e.g., mammals, birds).
- Arthropoda: Insects, arachnids, crustaceans; characterized by exoskeleton and segmented bodies.
- Mollusca: Soft-bodied animals, often with shells (e.g., snails, octopuses).
- Annelida: Segmented worms (e.g., earthworms, leeches).
- Cnidaria: Jellyfish, corals, anemones; known for stinging cells (cnidocytes).
Taxonomic Hierarchy: Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species.
Binomial Nomenclature: Two-part naming system for species (Genus species).

Definition: Study of the functions and mechanisms in living organisms.
Key Systems:
- Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, gases (e.g., blood, heart).
- Respiratory System: Gas exchange (e.g., lungs in mammals).
- Nervous System: Controls body functions via signaling (e.g., neurons, brain).
- Digestive System: Breakdown and absorption of food (e.g., stomach, intestines).
Homeostasis: Maintenance of internal stability (e.g., temperature regulation).
Metabolism: Chemical processes for energy production (catabolism and anabolism).

Characteristics:
- Soft-bodied, most have a protective shell made of calcium carbonate.
- Body divided into three parts: head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle.
Major Classes:
- Gastropoda: Snails and slugs; often have a coiled shell.
- Bivalvia: Clams, oysters; two-part hinged shell.
- Cephalopoda: Squid, octopus; advanced nervous system, capable of complex behaviors.
Reproduction: Can be sexual or asexual; many have complex life cycles.

Organ Systems:
- Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails; protects body, regulates temperature.
- Musculoskeletal System: Bones and muscles; provides structure and movement.
- Endocrine System: Hormonal regulation; controls growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
- Immune System: Defends against pathogens (e.g., white blood cells, antibodies).
Nervous System: Central (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral (nerves); processes sensory information and coordinates responses.
Circulatory System: Heart pumps blood; arteries carry oxygenated blood, veins return deoxygenated blood.
Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange; lungs take in oxygen, expel carbon dioxide.

Kingdom Animalia comprises multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
Major phyla include:
- Chordata: Characterized by a notochord; includes mammals and birds.
- Arthropoda: Features insects, arachnids, and crustaceans; known for exoskeletons and segmented bodies.
- Mollusca: Includes soft-bodied animals, many with shells such as snails and octopuses.
- Annelida: Consists of segmented worms like earthworms and leeches.
- Cnidaria: Includes jellyfish, corals, and anemones, recognized for their stinging cells (cnidocytes).
Taxonomic hierarchy ranks organisms from Domain to Species: Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species.
Binomial nomenclature is a two-part naming system for species, formatted as Genus species.

Physiology is the study of functions and mechanisms within living organisms.
Key systems include:
- Circulatory System: Responsible for transporting nutrients and gases throughout the body, utilizing blood and the heart.
- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange i.e., oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion via lungs in mammals.
- Nervous System: Controls bodily functions through signaling, involving neurons and the brain.
- Digestive System: Engages in the breakdown and absorption of food using organs like the stomach and intestines.
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining internal stability, including temperature regulation.
Metabolism encompasses chemical processes associated with energy production, categorized into catabolism and anabolism.

Molluscs are defined as soft-bodied animals, often possessing a calcium carbonate shell for protection.
The body structure consists of three main parts: head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle.
Major classes of molluscs include:
- Gastropoda: Encompasses snails and slugs; often recognized for a coiled shell.
- Bivalvia: Includes clams and oysters that feature a two-part hinged shell.
- Cephalopoda: Comprises squid and octopuses, noted for an advanced nervous system and complex behaviors.
Reproduction can occur both sexually and asexually, with many molluscs undergoing intricate life cycles.

Organ systems in humans include:
- Integumentary System: Comprises skin, hair, and nails; functions to protect the body and regulate temperature.
- Musculoskeletal System: Consists of bones and muscles; provides structure and facilitates movement.
- Endocrine System: Involves hormonal regulation, governing processes like growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
- Immune System: Protects against pathogens using mechanisms such as white blood cells and antibodies.
The Nervous System bifurcates into:
- Central System: Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral System: Composed of nerves that process sensory information and coordinate body responses.
Circulatory System mechanics include a heart that pumps blood, with arteries transporting oxygenated blood and veins returning deoxygenated blood.
Respiratory System mechanics facilitate gas exchange, where lungs draw in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

Matching Column-I and Column-II (Reactions to Products)
- (a) Conc HNO3 leads to Picric acid
- (b) NaOH with CO2/H+ results in a Mixture of acids with less carbon atoms
- (c) Salicylic acid treated with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 yields Salicylic acid
- (d) (CH3CO)2O gives Aspirin when combined with H
Multiple Choice of Matches
- Possible matches include:
  - (1) a-q, b-s, c-p, d-r
  - (2) a-q, b-r, c-s, d-p
  - (3) a-r, b-s, c-p, d-q
  - (4) a-s, b-p, c-q, d-r

Matching Reactions to Reagents
- (a) CH3–CH=CH2 reacts with KMnO4 to produce CH3–OH
- (b) C6H12O6 is converted by Zymase into C2H5OH + CO2
- (c) CH3CH2–OH with Conc H2SO4 at elevated temp yields CH2=CH2
- (d) CH3–C–OH with 85% H3PO4 results in CH3–C=CH2
Selection of Matches Options
- Options include:
  - (1) a-q, b-r, c-p, d-r
  - (2) a-q, b-r, c-s, d-p
  - (3) a-r, b-s, c-p, d-q
  - (4) a-r, b-p, c-q, d-s

Further Matching of Reactions and Products
- (a) Br2/H2O with OH leads to CHO
- Products listed include functionalities relevant to organic compounds

Compounds with Corresponding pKa Values
- (a) Ethanol (C2H5OH) has a pKa of 8.3
- (b) Phenol (C6H5OH) exhibits a pKa of 10.2
pKa indicates acidity; lower values signify stronger acids.

Understand the relationship between different reagents, reactions, and products in organic chemistry.
Familiarize with the pKa values to compare acid strengths.
Matching skills are crucial for recognizing reaction mechanisms and expected outcomes.