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Questions and Answers
What type of symmetry do roundworms exhibit?
What type of symmetry do roundworms exhibit?
Which organs are primarily involved in the excretion process of roundworms?
Which organs are primarily involved in the excretion process of roundworms?
What is metamerism as seen in earthworms?
What is metamerism as seen in earthworms?
What is the developmental pattern of many roundworm species?
What is the developmental pattern of many roundworm species?
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What characterizes animals that possess a notochord?
What characterizes animals that possess a notochord?
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What characteristic distinguishes annelids from roundworms?
What characteristic distinguishes annelids from roundworms?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Porifera?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Porifera?
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What type of body organization do both roundworms and annelids share?
What type of body organization do both roundworms and annelids share?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of roundworms?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of roundworms?
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How do sponges primarily feed and exchange gases?
How do sponges primarily feed and exchange gases?
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What aids in the locomotion of annelids?
What aids in the locomotion of annelids?
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What is the method of reproduction in sponges?
What is the method of reproduction in sponges?
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Which of the following are examples of roundworms?
Which of the following are examples of roundworms?
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Which of the following statements about the body structure of sponges is correct?
Which of the following statements about the body structure of sponges is correct?
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What is the primary function of choanocytes in sponges?
What is the primary function of choanocytes in sponges?
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What type of development do sponges undergo?
What type of development do sponges undergo?
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Which characteristic differentiates Hemichordates from Chordates?
Which characteristic differentiates Hemichordates from Chordates?
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What is the type of circulatory system present in Hemichordates?
What is the type of circulatory system present in Hemichordates?
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Which of the following statements is true about sexual reproduction in Hemichordates?
Which of the following statements is true about sexual reproduction in Hemichordates?
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Which of the following structures is characteristic of Chordates?
Which of the following structures is characteristic of Chordates?
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What type of body symmetry do both Hemichordates and Chordates possess?
What type of body symmetry do both Hemichordates and Chordates possess?
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How does respiration occur in Hemichordates?
How does respiration occur in Hemichordates?
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What is the typical developmental pattern of Hemichordates?
What is the typical developmental pattern of Hemichordates?
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Which of the following is a member of the Hemichordata phylum?
Which of the following is a member of the Hemichordata phylum?
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Which of the following statements about the notochord in Chordata is correct?
Which of the following statements about the notochord in Chordata is correct?
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What distinguishes Gnathostomata from Agnatha in the subphylum Vertebrata?
What distinguishes Gnathostomata from Agnatha in the subphylum Vertebrata?
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Which class within the subphylum Vertebrata is known to be ectoparasitic on fish?
Which class within the subphylum Vertebrata is known to be ectoparasitic on fish?
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What primary feature is found in all members of the subphylum Vertebrata during the embryonic stage?
What primary feature is found in all members of the subphylum Vertebrata during the embryonic stage?
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What is the relationship between chordates and vertebrates?
What is the relationship between chordates and vertebrates?
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Which of the following correctly describes the subphylum Cehplochordata?
Which of the following correctly describes the subphylum Cehplochordata?
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What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mammals from other animal classes?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mammals from other animal classes?
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Which vertebrate class is known for having paired appendages that may be fins or limbs?
Which vertebrate class is known for having paired appendages that may be fins or limbs?
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Which statement correctly describes the respiratory system of birds?
Which statement correctly describes the respiratory system of birds?
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How does the structure of the heart differ among vertebrates?
How does the structure of the heart differ among vertebrates?
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What does the term 'viviparous' mean in relation to mammals?
What does the term 'viviparous' mean in relation to mammals?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mammals?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mammals?
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What does it mean for mammals to be 'homoiothermous'?
What does it mean for mammals to be 'homoiothermous'?
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Which type of development do mammals typically exhibit?
Which type of development do mammals typically exhibit?
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In what type of habitat can mammals be found?
In what type of habitat can mammals be found?
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Which of the following describes the fertilization process in mammals?
Which of the following describes the fertilization process in mammals?
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Study Notes
Body Segmentation
- The body of an earthworm is segmented, known as metameric segmentation, and this phenomenon is called metamerism.
Notochord
- The notochord is a rod-like structure that forms on the dorsal side of the body during embryonic development in some animals.
- Animals with a notochord are called chordates and those that don't possess this structure are called non-chordates.
- Examples of non-chordates include porifera to echinoderms.
Animal Classification
- The animal kingdom is broadly categorized based on fundamental characteristics.
Phylum Porifera
- Commonly known as sponges, these are generally marine and mostly asymmetrical animals.
- Porifera are primitive multicellular animals with a cellular level of organization.
- They have a water transport system, where water enters through pores (ostia) in the body wall, moves to a central cavity (spongocoel), and exits through an osculum.
- This system supports food gathering, gas exchange, and waste removal.
- Choanocytes or collar cells line the spongocoel and canals.
- Digestion is intracellular.
- The body is supported by a skeleton composed of spicules or spongin fibers.
- Sponges are hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and sperm.
- Reproduction occurs asexually through fragmentation and sexually through gamete formation.
- Fertilization is internal, and development is indirect with a larval stage.
Phylum Aschelminthes
- Also called roundworms or nematodes.
- These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and pseudocoelomate animals.
- They have a complete alimentary canal with a muscular pharynx.
- An excretory tube removes waste from the body cavity through an excretory pore.
- Sexes are separate (dioecious), with females typically longer than males.
- Fertilization is internal, development may be direct or indirect.
- Examples include Ascaris (roundworm), Wuchereria (filaria worm), and Ancylostoma (hookworm).
Phylum Annelida
- They can be aquatic (marine and freshwater) or terrestrial, free-living, and sometimes parasitic.
- Annelids exhibit organ-system level organization and bilateral symmetry.
- They are triploblastic, metamerically segmented, and coelomate animals.
- Their body surface is segmented or metameric, hence the phylum name "Annelida" (Latin for "little ring").
- They possess longitudinal and circular muscles assisting locomotion.
- Aquatic annelids like Nereis have lateral appendages called parapodia that aid in swimming.
- They have a closed circulatory system.
- Nephridia (singular: nephridium) help in osmoregulation and excretion.
Phylum Hemichordata
- Previously considered a subphylum under Chordata, it is now classified as a separate phylum under non-chordates.
- They have a rudimentary structure in the collar region called a stomochord, similar to a notochord.
- Hemichordates are a small group of worm-like marine animals with organ-system level organization.
- They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and coelomate animals.
- The body is cylindrical and divided into an anterior proboscis, a collar, and a long trunk.
- The circulatory system is open.
- Respiration occurs through gills.
- The proboscis gland functions as an excretory organ.
- Sexes are separate, fertilization is external, and development is indirect.
- Examples include Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus.
Phylum Chordata
- Chordates are characterized by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
- They exhibit bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomate with organ-system level organization.
- They possess a post-anal tail and a closed circulatory system.
- Chordates are divided into three subphyla: Urochordata or Tunicata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata
- These are often referred to as protochordates and are exclusively marine.
- In Urochordata, the notochord is only present in the larval tail, whereas in Cephalochordata, it extends from head to tail region and persists throughout their life.
- Examples of Urochordata include Ascidia, Salpa, and Doliolum.
- An example of Cephalochordata is Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet).
Subphylum Vertebrata
- Vertebrates possess a notochord during the embryonic period, which is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult.
- All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates.
- Vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with two, three, or four chambers, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation, and paired appendages (fins or limbs).
Agnatha and Gnathostomata
- The subphylum Vertebrata is further divided into Agnatha (lacks jaw) and Gnathostomata (bears jaw).
Pisces and Tetrapoda
- Gnathostomata is further divided into Pisces (bear fins) and Tetrapoda (bear limbs).
Class Cyclostomata
- All living members of the class Cyclostomata are ectoparasites on some fishes.
- They lack jaws and paired fins, and they have a sucking mouth.
- Respiration is by gills.
- Sexes are separate, and fertilization is external.
- They are oviparous, and development is direct.
- Examples include Petromyzon (lamprey) and Myxine (hagfish).
Class Chondrichthyes
- These are cartilaginous fish with streamlined bodies and skeletons made of cartilage.
- They have a ventral mouth, paired fins, and 5-7 gill slits.
- The circulatory system is closed with a two-chambered heart.
- They have a well-developed brain and sense organs, like the lateral line system.
- They possess a swim bladder that helps maintain buoyancy.
- Fertilization is internal, and many exhibit viviparity (give birth to live young), while others are oviparous (lay eggs).
- Examples include Scoliodon (dogfish), Trygon (stingray), and Pristis (sawfish).
Class Osteichthyes
- These are bony fish with a bony skeleton, a swim bladder, and a dorsal mouth.
- They have fins supported by bony fin rays, a well-developed brain, and a lateral line system.
- Respiration is by gills covered by an operculum.
- They have a two-chambered heart with a closed circulatory system.
- Fertilization is external, and they are oviparous.
- Examples include Labeo (rohu), Clarias (catfish), and Exocoetus (flying fish).
Class Amphibia
- Amphibians are characterized by smooth, moist skin, and can live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
- They have well-developed limbs for locomotion on land.
- They possess a three-chambered heart and closed circulatory system.
- Respiration is by lungs and skin.
- They are oviparous with external fertilization.
- Examples include Rana (frog), Bufo (toad), and Salamandra (salamander).
Class Reptilia
- Reptiles have a dry, scaly skin that is impermeable to water.
- They have a well-developed brain and sense organs, and most have a three-chambered heart with a partial septum in the ventricle (except crocodiles).
- Respiration is by lungs.
- They are oviparous with internal fertilization.
- They can regulate their body temperature through behavioral mechanisms (ectotherms).
- Examples include Chelone (turtle), Crocodylus (crocodile), and Draco (flying lizard).
Class Aves
- These are warm-blooded animals with a highly evolved body system.
- Aves have feathers covering their body, wings for flight, a four-chambered heart, and lungs with air sacs for efficient respiration.
- They possess a beak instead of teeth.
- They are oviparous with internal fertilization.
- Examples include Corvus (crow), Columba (pigeon), Psittacula (parrot), Struthio (ostrich), Pavo (peacock), Aptenodytes (penguin), and Neophron (vulture).
Class Mammalia
- Mammals are warm-blooded animals with hair on their bodies, mammary glands for nourishing their young, and a four-chambered heart.
- They possess specialized teeth for different types of feeding.
- They have a well-developed brain and complex behavior.
- Fertilization is internal, and they are viviparous (except the platypus and echidna).
- Examples include Ornithorhynchus (platypus), Macropus (kangaroo), Pteropus (flying fox), and Balaenoptera (blue whale).
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Description
This quiz explores the segmentation of the earthworm's body, the significance of the notochord in animal development, and classifications within the animal kingdom. Understand the unique characteristics of phylum Porifera and compare chordates with non-chordates.
