Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is responsible for regulating the movement of substances into and out of an animal cell?
Which of the following structures is responsible for regulating the movement of substances into and out of an animal cell?
- Chromatin
- Nucleolus
- Cytoplasm
- Plasma membrane (correct)
What is the primary function of chromatin within the nucleus of an animal cell?
What is the primary function of chromatin within the nucleus of an animal cell?
- Generating energy for the cell
- Containing the majority of a cell's DNA (correct)
- Regulating cell division
- Producing ribosomes
If a cell's ability to produce ribosomes was compromised, which structure is most likely affected?
If a cell's ability to produce ribosomes was compromised, which structure is most likely affected?
- Plasma membrane
- Nucleolus (correct)
- Nuclear envelope
- Cytoplasm
Which component of the animal cell facilitates the movement of organelles and cellular substances within the cell?
Which component of the animal cell facilitates the movement of organelles and cellular substances within the cell?
An animal cell is exposed to a toxin that damages its plasma membrane. Which of the following cellular processes would be most immediately affected?
An animal cell is exposed to a toxin that damages its plasma membrane. Which of the following cellular processes would be most immediately affected?
Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes animal cells as eukaryotic?
Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes animal cells as eukaryotic?
What structural feature facilitates the exchange of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in an animal cell?
What structural feature facilitates the exchange of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in an animal cell?
If a researcher is studying the lipid composition of a cell membrane, which structure would be the primary focus of their investigation?
If a researcher is studying the lipid composition of a cell membrane, which structure would be the primary focus of their investigation?
Which cellular component is responsible for modifying and transporting proteins within a eukaryotic cell?
Which cellular component is responsible for modifying and transporting proteins within a eukaryotic cell?
In which type of cell would you expect to find chloroplasts?
In which type of cell would you expect to find chloroplasts?
Which characteristic is unique to birds, distinguishing them from all other animal groups?
Which characteristic is unique to birds, distinguishing them from all other animal groups?
What critical adaptation allowed reptiles to be the first vertebrate group to live entirely on land?
What critical adaptation allowed reptiles to be the first vertebrate group to live entirely on land?
Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of mitochondria within eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of mitochondria within eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following poses a significant threat to many amphibian species, leading to their potential extinction?
Which of the following poses a significant threat to many amphibian species, leading to their potential extinction?
Which of the following structures is NOT a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures is NOT a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in plant cells?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in plant cells?
What is the defining characteristic of cartilaginous fish?
What is the defining characteristic of cartilaginous fish?
The primary distinction between fungal and animal cells lies in the:
The primary distinction between fungal and animal cells lies in the:
Which cellular component is responsible for separating the inside of the cell from its external environment?
Which cellular component is responsible for separating the inside of the cell from its external environment?
What distinguishes animal cells from other eukaryotic cells like plant cells?
What distinguishes animal cells from other eukaryotic cells like plant cells?
Where is most of an animal cell's DNA stored?
Where is most of an animal cell's DNA stored?
What role does DNA play within a cell?
What role does DNA play within a cell?
Which of the following eukaryotic cell types is specialized for oxygen transport in animals?
Which of the following eukaryotic cell types is specialized for oxygen transport in animals?
Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration in animal cells?
Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration in animal cells?
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
How does the presence of organelles benefit eukaryotic cells?
How does the presence of organelles benefit eukaryotic cells?
Which domains of life consist exclusively of single-celled organisms?
Which domains of life consist exclusively of single-celled organisms?
Which of the following features is present in animal cells but absent in plant cells?
Which of the following features is present in animal cells but absent in plant cells?
How do vacuoles contribute to the function of eukaryotic cells?
How do vacuoles contribute to the function of eukaryotic cells?
What characteristic is common to all animals?
What characteristic is common to all animals?
Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?
Which group of animals is characterized by having hair and mammary glands?
Which group of animals is characterized by having hair and mammary glands?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Being heterotrophic means that animals:
Being heterotrophic means that animals:
What critical adaptation is demonstrated by amphibians that allows them to live both in water and on land?
What critical adaptation is demonstrated by amphibians that allows them to live both in water and on land?
Which of the following animals are classified as primates?
Which of the following animals are classified as primates?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mammals?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mammals?
What key feature distinguishes vertebrate animals from invertebrate animals?
What key feature distinguishes vertebrate animals from invertebrate animals?
What is the key distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What is the key distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of cytoplasm within a cell?
What is the primary role of cytoplasm within a cell?
Which group of invertebrate animals includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans?
Which group of invertebrate animals includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells?
What is the main difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?
What is the main difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?
What feature distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What feature distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of xylem cells in vascular tissue?
What is the primary function of xylem cells in vascular tissue?
Which of the following is an example of a 'primitive' invertebrate?
Which of the following is an example of a 'primitive' invertebrate?
Which group of animals are known for having feathers and wings?
Which group of animals are known for having feathers and wings?
What feature distinguishes reptiles from other vertebrates?
What feature distinguishes reptiles from other vertebrates?
What evolutionary milestone is represented by the emergence of fish?
What evolutionary milestone is represented by the emergence of fish?
Which of the following best describes the function of stomata?
Which of the following best describes the function of stomata?
Why is it possible for single species of fungi to be found all around the globe?
Why is it possible for single species of fungi to be found all around the globe?
Which of the following makes eukaryotic cells more efficient than prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following makes eukaryotic cells more efficient than prokaryotic cells?
Why should caution be exercised when consuming wild mushrooms?
Why should caution be exercised when consuming wild mushrooms?
What is the main role of chloroplasts within leaf cells?
What is the main role of chloroplasts within leaf cells?
Which of the following animal groups are cold-blooded and lay eggs?
Which of the following animal groups are cold-blooded and lay eggs?
Which of the following animal groups is characterized by having gills and limbs without fingers or toes?
Which of the following animal groups is characterized by having gills and limbs without fingers or toes?
Which of the following is NOT a main group of vertebrates?
Which of the following is NOT a main group of vertebrates?
How do molds obtain nutrients from food sources?
How do molds obtain nutrients from food sources?
Parenchyma cells are most commonly found in which plant part, fulfilling a relatively featureless role?
Parenchyma cells are most commonly found in which plant part, fulfilling a relatively featureless role?
How do yeasts contribute to the production of bread, beer, and wine?
How do yeasts contribute to the production of bread, beer, and wine?
Which animal behaviors exemplify the complexity seen in arthropods?
Which animal behaviors exemplify the complexity seen in arthropods?
What is the primary component of a plant cell wall?
What is the primary component of a plant cell wall?
What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
If a newly discovered organism is multicellular, heterotrophic, and lacks an internal backbone, how would it be classified?
If a newly discovered organism is multicellular, heterotrophic, and lacks an internal backbone, how would it be classified?
What is the primary role of the fungal component in a lichen symbiosis?
What is the primary role of the fungal component in a lichen symbiosis?
How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants?
How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants?
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
What characteristic distinguishes yeasts from other types of fungi?
What characteristic distinguishes yeasts from other types of fungi?
What is the role of the plasma membrane in plant cells?
What is the role of the plasma membrane in plant cells?
Which organelle is responsible for modifying proteins and lipids, and then packaging them for transport out of the cell?
Which organelle is responsible for modifying proteins and lipids, and then packaging them for transport out of the cell?
Suppose a farmer notices that their crops are not growing well, and soil tests reveal a depletion of beneficial fungi. Which type of fungi would be most beneficial to introduce to improve plant growth?
Suppose a farmer notices that their crops are not growing well, and soil tests reveal a depletion of beneficial fungi. Which type of fungi would be most beneficial to introduce to improve plant growth?
How do smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differ?
How do smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differ?
If a cell needed to increase the rate at which it exchanges substances with its environment, which cellular structure would be most beneficial to increase?
If a cell needed to increase the rate at which it exchanges substances with its environment, which cellular structure would be most beneficial to increase?
Which feature primarily distinguishes phloem cells from xylem cells?
Which feature primarily distinguishes phloem cells from xylem cells?
How does the structure of mycorrhizal hyphae enhance nutrient absorption for plants?
How does the structure of mycorrhizal hyphae enhance nutrient absorption for plants?
Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the economic importance of fungi?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the economic importance of fungi?
Which type of cell relies on flagella for its primary function?
Which type of cell relies on flagella for its primary function?
What is the role of fiber cells in plant stems?
What is the role of fiber cells in plant stems?
What is the main purpose of lysosomes?
What is the main purpose of lysosomes?
Where is the DNA housed within plant cells?
Where is the DNA housed within plant cells?
What is the gel-like substance within a cell, not occupied by the nucleus or organelles, called?
What is the gel-like substance within a cell, not occupied by the nucleus or organelles, called?
Which of the following is a key distinction between animal cells and plant or fungal cells?
Which of the following is a key distinction between animal cells and plant or fungal cells?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for generating electrical impulses to control heart contractions?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for generating electrical impulses to control heart contractions?
How do red blood cells differ from most other animal cells?
How do red blood cells differ from most other animal cells?
A cell is found to have a high concentration of enzymes that digest fats, amino acids, and sugars. Which organelle is likely abundant in this cell?
A cell is found to have a high concentration of enzymes that digest fats, amino acids, and sugars. Which organelle is likely abundant in this cell?
What is the primary function of melanocytes?
What is the primary function of melanocytes?
Which cellular component is directly involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division?
Which cellular component is directly involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division?
Considering their functions, which of the following would you expect to find in large numbers in muscle cells?
Considering their functions, which of the following would you expect to find in large numbers in muscle cells?
Which structure acts as the primary site of cellular respiration, where sugars are broken down to produce energy?
Which structure acts as the primary site of cellular respiration, where sugars are broken down to produce energy?
Which of the following best describes the role of adipocytes?
Which of the following best describes the role of adipocytes?
How do axons and dendrites contribute to the function of nerve cells?
How do axons and dendrites contribute to the function of nerve cells?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of chloroplasts within plant cells?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of chloroplasts within plant cells?
How do mitochondria contribute to the overall function of a eukaryotic cell?
How do mitochondria contribute to the overall function of a eukaryotic cell?
What role do ribosomes play in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What role do ribosomes play in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Vacuoles are key features of plant cells involved in which of the following processes?
Vacuoles are key features of plant cells involved in which of the following processes?
What is the main function of peroxisomes in cells?
What is the main function of peroxisomes in cells?
Which of the following structures is present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
Which of the following structures is present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
Which of the following structures are found in animal cells but not in plant cells?
Which of the following structures are found in animal cells but not in plant cells?
What material primarily composes the cell walls of fungi?
What material primarily composes the cell walls of fungi?
Which characteristic is essential for a cellular structure to be classified as an organelle?
Which characteristic is essential for a cellular structure to be classified as an organelle?
Which of the following is a primary ecological role of fungi?
Which of the following is a primary ecological role of fungi?
How does the structure of hyphae contribute to the ability of fungi to absorb nutrients?
How does the structure of hyphae contribute to the ability of fungi to absorb nutrients?
How does the specialization of eukaryotic cells contribute to the survival of multicellular organisms?
How does the specialization of eukaryotic cells contribute to the survival of multicellular organisms?
What is the role of mushrooms in the life cycle of fungi?
What is the role of mushrooms in the life cycle of fungi?
Which of the following organelles is NOT found across most of the Eukaryota domain?
Which of the following organelles is NOT found across most of the Eukaryota domain?
How do Mycorrhizae fungi support plant growth and health?
How do Mycorrhizae fungi support plant growth and health?
A cell is observed actively producing sugars using sunlight. Which organelle is most likely abundant in this cell?
A cell is observed actively producing sugars using sunlight. Which organelle is most likely abundant in this cell?
Why might a habitat struggle to sustain life if fungi were absent?
Why might a habitat struggle to sustain life if fungi were absent?
What is the primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell?
Which of the following is the primary function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is the primary function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes plant cells from the cells of bacteria and archaea?
What distinguishes plant cells from the cells of bacteria and archaea?
Which process best describes the role of cellular respiration carried out by mitochondria?
Which process best describes the role of cellular respiration carried out by mitochondria?
Which of the following structures is NOT a key feature that distinguishes plant cells from animal and fungal cells?
Which of the following structures is NOT a key feature that distinguishes plant cells from animal and fungal cells?
What is the role of phospholipids in the plasma membrane of cells?
What is the role of phospholipids in the plasma membrane of cells?
If a biologist is studying the classification and characteristics of various mushroom species, which field of study are they engaged in?
If a biologist is studying the classification and characteristics of various mushroom species, which field of study are they engaged in?
Why are ribosomes not considered organelles in prokaryotic cells?
Why are ribosomes not considered organelles in prokaryotic cells?
How do xylem cells facilitate water transport in plants?
How do xylem cells facilitate water transport in plants?
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of size?
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of size?
What structural adaptation do phloem cells possess to efficiently transport sugars?
What structural adaptation do phloem cells possess to efficiently transport sugars?
Why are prokaryotic cells limited in their maximum size compared to eukaryotic cells?
Why are prokaryotic cells limited in their maximum size compared to eukaryotic cells?
What critical role do stomata play in photosynthesis?
What critical role do stomata play in photosynthesis?
What is the main function of parenchyma cells in plant stems?
What is the main function of parenchyma cells in plant stems?
Which of the following is an example of a metabolic process unique to prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following is an example of a metabolic process unique to prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
What is the primary component of a plant cell wall, and what role does it play in animal diets?
What is the primary component of a plant cell wall, and what role does it play in animal diets?
What adaptation of red blood cells enhances their capability for oxygen exchange?
What adaptation of red blood cells enhances their capability for oxygen exchange?
What are 'plasmodesmata' and what is there function?
What are 'plasmodesmata' and what is there function?
How does the ability of red blood cells to bend and stack benefit their function?
How does the ability of red blood cells to bend and stack benefit their function?
What is the composition of the cytoplasm?
What is the composition of the cytoplasm?
What is the role of haemoglobin found in red blood cells?
What is the role of haemoglobin found in red blood cells?
Which of the following components constitutes the largest percentage of blood plasma?
Which of the following components constitutes the largest percentage of blood plasma?
What is the key difference between the flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the key difference between the flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between a prokaryotic cell's size and its metabolic efficiency?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between a prokaryotic cell's size and its metabolic efficiency?
How do pilli and fimbriae contribute to the survival and function of prokaryotic cells?
How do pilli and fimbriae contribute to the survival and function of prokaryotic cells?
If an antibiotic targets the cell wall of a bacterium, what is the MOST likely mechanism of action?
If an antibiotic targets the cell wall of a bacterium, what is the MOST likely mechanism of action?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
How do chloroplasts contribute to the function of mitochondria in plant cells?
How do chloroplasts contribute to the function of mitochondria in plant cells?
What distinguishes vacuoles in plant cells from other storage organelles found in eukaryotic cells?
What distinguishes vacuoles in plant cells from other storage organelles found in eukaryotic cells?
Peroxisomes convert hydrogen peroxide to water. Why is this important for the cell?
Peroxisomes convert hydrogen peroxide to water. Why is this important for the cell?
Which of the following correctly pairs a structure with its presence or absence in plant and animal cells?
Which of the following correctly pairs a structure with its presence or absence in plant and animal cells?
What is the primary role of ribosomes within a cell?
What is the primary role of ribosomes within a cell?
A scientist observes a cell under a microscope and notes the absence of a nucleus. Which of the following can the scientist conclude?
A scientist observes a cell under a microscope and notes the absence of a nucleus. Which of the following can the scientist conclude?
The DNA in prokaryotic cells is located in the 'nucleoid'. What is a key difference between the nucleoid and the nucleus?
The DNA in prokaryotic cells is located in the 'nucleoid'. What is a key difference between the nucleoid and the nucleus?
Though prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, some specialized cells can still perform photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How is this possible?
Though prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, some specialized cells can still perform photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How is this possible?
Which statement accurately contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding organelles?
Which statement accurately contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding organelles?
What crucial role do prokaryotes play in nutrient cycling within ecosystems?
What crucial role do prokaryotes play in nutrient cycling within ecosystems?
Why are prokaryotes considered essential for the survival of eukaryotes, despite some being pathogenic?
Why are prokaryotes considered essential for the survival of eukaryotes, despite some being pathogenic?
How does the structure of prokaryotic cells influence their metabolic capabilities compared to eukaryotic cells?
How does the structure of prokaryotic cells influence their metabolic capabilities compared to eukaryotic cells?
How does the presence of a cell wall in plant cells affect their interaction with their environment?
How does the presence of a cell wall in plant cells affect their interaction with their environment?
Why is the presence of Fe2+ in the haem group crucial for oxygen transport, and how does the surrounding protein contribute to this function?
Why is the presence of Fe2+ in the haem group crucial for oxygen transport, and how does the surrounding protein contribute to this function?
If a new medication targeted only prokaryotic ribosomes, what is the most likely effect on a human?
If a new medication targeted only prokaryotic ribosomes, what is the most likely effect on a human?
How do pressure and osmotic gradients facilitate the transfer of substances between capillaries and surrounding tissues?
How do pressure and osmotic gradients facilitate the transfer of substances between capillaries and surrounding tissues?
Which statement accurately describes the role of albumins in blood plasma function?
Which statement accurately describes the role of albumins in blood plasma function?
How are the distinct functions of arteries and veins essential for blood circulation?
How are the distinct functions of arteries and veins essential for blood circulation?
In the process of haematopoiesis, how do hormones influence the differentiation of blood cells from hemocytoblasts?
In the process of haematopoiesis, how do hormones influence the differentiation of blood cells from hemocytoblasts?
Why is the lack of a nucleus and organelles in mammalian red blood cells considered an adaptation?
Why is the lack of a nucleus and organelles in mammalian red blood cells considered an adaptation?
What role do antibodies on the exterior of eosinophil cells play in the immune response?
What role do antibodies on the exterior of eosinophil cells play in the immune response?
How do globulins, as a component of blood plasma, contribute to both immune function and transport processes in the body?
How do globulins, as a component of blood plasma, contribute to both immune function and transport processes in the body?
Which of the following best describes the distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following best describes the distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Which type of white blood cells is most abundant and plays a critical role in the inflammatory response?
Which type of white blood cells is most abundant and plays a critical role in the inflammatory response?
How do basophil cells contribute to the repair of damaged tissue?
How do basophil cells contribute to the repair of damaged tissue?
What is the primary function of fibrinogen in blood plasma?
What is the primary function of fibrinogen in blood plasma?
Which of the following cell types is part of the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following cell types is part of the adaptive immune system?
What is the role of macrophage cells in the body's defense mechanisms?
What is the role of macrophage cells in the body's defense mechanisms?
Which list of organisms exclusively contains eukaryotes?
Which list of organisms exclusively contains eukaryotes?
Flashcards
Animal Cells
Animal Cells
Microscopic structures that are the basic unit of life in animals, performing all necessary functions.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with a nucleus and specialized structures called organelles.
Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
A porous membrane surrounding an animal cell, regulating what moves in and out.
Plasma Membrane Composition
Plasma Membrane Composition
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Envelope
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Chromatin
Chromatin
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Multicellular
Multicellular
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Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
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Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
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Vertebrates
Vertebrates
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Invertebrates
Invertebrates
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Animalia
Animalia
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
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Vacuoles
Vacuoles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes
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Centrosomes
Centrosomes
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Flagella
Flagella
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Fish
Fish
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Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
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Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes
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Villi
Villi
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Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes
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Melanocytes
Melanocytes
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Muscle Cells (Myocytes)
Muscle Cells (Myocytes)
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Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
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White Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
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Nerve Cells (Neurons)
Nerve Cells (Neurons)
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Cartilaginous Fish
Cartilaginous Fish
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Amphibians
Amphibians
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Reptiles
Reptiles
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Mammals
Mammals
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Primates
Primates
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Cell
Cell
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DNA
DNA
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
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Organelles
Organelles
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Gene
Gene
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Unicellular organism
Unicellular organism
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Eukaryotic Cells (in plants)
Eukaryotic Cells (in plants)
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Chloroplasts (in plants)
Chloroplasts (in plants)
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Vacuoles (in plants)
Vacuoles (in plants)
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Cell Wall (in plants)
Cell Wall (in plants)
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Xylem
Xylem
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Phloem
Phloem
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Stomata
Stomata
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Nucleus (in plants)
Nucleus (in plants)
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Plasma Membrane (in plants)
Plasma Membrane (in plants)
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Prokaryotic Cell Wall
Prokaryotic Cell Wall
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Ribosomes (in prokaryotes)
Ribosomes (in prokaryotes)
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Flagella (prokaryotic)
Flagella (prokaryotic)
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Pilli and Fimbriae
Pilli and Fimbriae
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Size of Prokaryotic Cells
Size of Prokaryotic Cells
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Metabolism of Prokaryotic Cells
Metabolism of Prokaryotic Cells
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Blood
Blood
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Formed Elements (of blood)
Formed Elements (of blood)
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Plasma (of blood)
Plasma (of blood)
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
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Shape of Red Blood Cells
Shape of Red Blood Cells
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
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Shape of Red Blood Cells
Shape of Red Blood Cells
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Plant vs. Animal Cells
Plant vs. Animal Cells
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Importance of Prokaryotes
Importance of Prokaryotes
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Structure of Prokaryotic Cells
Structure of Prokaryotic Cells
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No Nucleus in Prokaryotes
No Nucleus in Prokaryotes
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Lack of Organelles
Lack of Organelles
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Cell Wall
Cell Wall
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Haem Group
Haem Group
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
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Neutrophil Cells
Neutrophil Cells
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Basophil Cells
Basophil Cells
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Macrophage Cells
Macrophage Cells
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
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Blood Plasma
Blood Plasma
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Albumins
Albumins
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Globulins
Globulins
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Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen
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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
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Mushroom Spores
Mushroom Spores
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Molds (Zygomycetes)
Molds (Zygomycetes)
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Yeasts
Yeasts
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Lichens
Lichens
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What are Organelles?
What are Organelles?
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Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus
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What is the Nucleus?
What is the Nucleus?
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Symbiotic Relationship
Symbiotic Relationship
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What is Mitochondria?
What is Mitochondria?
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What is Chloroplasts?
What is Chloroplasts?
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Mold Hyphae
Mold Hyphae
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Fermentation (by Yeasts)
Fermentation (by Yeasts)
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What is Smooth ER?
What is Smooth ER?
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Dimorphism (in Fungi)
Dimorphism (in Fungi)
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What is Rough ER?
What is Rough ER?
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What is the Golgi Body?
What is the Golgi Body?
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What are Vacuoles?
What are Vacuoles?
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What are Lysosomes?
What are Lysosomes?
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What is the Cell Wall?
What is the Cell Wall?
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What is Cytoplasm?
What is Cytoplasm?
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What are Ribosomes?
What are Ribosomes?
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What defines Animals?
What defines Animals?
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Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates?
Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates?
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What are Cells?
What are Cells?
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Parenchyma Cells
Parenchyma Cells
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Plant Cell Wall
Plant Cell Wall
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata
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Rough ER
Rough ER
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Smooth ER
Smooth ER
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Fungi cell walls
Fungi cell walls
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Basidiomycetes
Basidiomycetes
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Mycology
Mycology
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Importance of Fungi
Importance of Fungi
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Hyphae
Hyphae
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Mycelium
Mycelium
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Mushroom
Mushroom
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Basidiocarp
Basidiocarp
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Study Notes
Animal Cells
- Animal cells, like all of Earth's organisms, are the microscopic building blocks of animals, working together to sustain life.
- Animal cells are eukaryotic, possessing a nucleus and specialized structures called organelles.
- Animal cells come in a vast range, each adapted to perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen, contracting muscles, secreting mucus, or protecting organs.
General Structure of an Animal Cell
- Common features include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
- Not all cells have the same organelles or structures, but these are some of the common structures usually present.
Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane is a porous membrane that surrounds an animal cell
- It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
- It's composed of a double layer of lipids with embedded proteins and carbohydrates that perform functions like receiving cellular signals and creating channels.
Nucleus
- Animal and plant cells usually have a 'true' nucleus comprised of a nuclear envelope, chromatin, and a nucleolus
- The nuclear envelope is a double membrane with pores that encloses the nucleus contents
- Chromatin, mostly found inside the nuclear envelope, contains DNA and condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
- The nucleolus is the nucleus' core and produces ribosomes.
Cytoplasm
- The cytoplasm is the internal space of a cell not occupied by organelles or the nucleus
- Consists of a jelly-like substance called cytosol
- Allows organelles and cellular substances to move within the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within eukaryotic cells, connected to the nucleus
- It handles protein production, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism
- The smooth ER lacks ribosomes, while the rough ER has ribosomes for protein production
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are the location for cellular respiration
- This process breaks down sugars and other compounds into cellular energy by using oxygen and producing CO₂
Golgi Apparatus
- The golgi apparatus is a set of membranes that modifies proteins and lipids
- It transports them out of the cell.
Ribosomes
- Ribosomes create proteins
- They attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, or float freely in the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes digest compounds like fats, amino acids, and sugars
- They produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water.
Lysosomes
- Lysosomes digest molecules like lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
- They are the waste disposal unit of the cell, containing enzymes for digestion
Centrosomes
- Centrosomes are involved in cell division and the production of flagella and cilia
- They consist of two centrioles that act as hubs for microtubules
- Microtubules interact with chromosomes during cell division.
Villi
- Villi are needle-like growths from the plasma membrane that increase the surface area.
- They are important for cells (such as those in the intestines) that need to rapidly exchange substances with their surroundings.
Flagella
- Flagella are long, thin extensions of the plasma membrane that provide cells the ability to move under their own power
- They are driven by a protein-based cellular engine
Different Types of Animal Cells
- There are many types of animal cells, each with different functions based on tissue type.
Skin Cells
- Skin cells mainly consist of keratinocytes and melanocytes
- Keratinocytes (~90% of skin cells) produce keratin, which protects the body and forms hair/nails
- Melanocytes, found beneath keratinocytes, produce melanin to give skin its color; more melanocytes result in darker skin
Muscle Cells
- Myocytes/muscle fibers are long, tubular and responsible for moving an organism's limbs and organs.
- Skeletal muscle cells are responsible for conscious movements of the body.
- Cardiac muscle cells control heart contractions through electrical impulses.
- Smooth muscle cells control subconscious movements in blood vessels, the uterus, and the stomach
Blood Cells
- Consist of red blood cells and white blood cells
- Red blood cells (99.9% of blood cells) deliver oxygen from the lungs and lack a nucleus
- White blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight infections.
Nerve Cells
- Nerve cells (neurons) are the main cells of the nervous system
- The human brain has ~100 billion
- They deliver and receive signals using dendrites (receive) and axons (export).
Fat Cells
- Fat cells, (adipocytes/lipocytes) store fats and lipids as energy reserves.
- White fat cells store lipids in one large droplet
- Brown fat cells have multiple, smaller lipid droplets
Differences Between Plant, Fungal, and Animal Cells
- Animal cells lack cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles, but possess flagella, lysosomes, and centrosomes.
- Plant and fungal cells have cell walls for protection and support.
- Plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis and vacuoles for storage.
- Plant cells lack flagella, lysosomes, and centrosomes.
- Fungal cells usually have lysosomes and centrosomes, but rarely have flagella
- The primary distinction between fungal and animal cells is the presence of a cell wall in fungal cells.
Animals
- Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms.
- The first evolved over 550 million years ago
- Vertebrates include animals with a backbone, while invertebrates do not have a backbone
- Invertebrates comprise over 90% of animal species.
- Fish were the first vertebrates
- Amphibians helped vertebrates move onto land
- Reptiles were the first vertebrate group to live entirely on land
- Birds are reptiles characterized by wings and feathers.
- Mammals are warm-blooded animals with hair and mammary glands, they are the smartest animal group
Cells
- Cells sustain life
- They are the most reduced structures capable of sustaining life
- Study of cells is cytology
- Most cells have DNA and a cellular membrane
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells possess both
- The first life on Earth came in the form of a prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic cells, defined by a true nucleus and organelles, form multicellular organisms
- Organelles facilitate efficiency, enabling specialized functions like protection, movement, energy storage, or reproduction such as red blood cells, white blood cells, skin cells, muscle cells, fat cells or adipocytes, and bone cells.
Plant Cells
- Plant cells are eukaryotic
- Possess chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cell walls
- They range widely in stems, leaves, and roots
Types of Plant Cells
- Xylem cells (vascular tissue) transport water are dead, hollow tubes.
- Phloem transports sugars and other substances from leaves to roots
- Phloem cells are living tubes with pores.
- Leaf cells are full of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
- Stomata regulate carbon dioxide intake.
- Parenchyma cells are featureless stem cells.
Structure of Plant Cells
- Plant cells include a nucleus, organelles, and a cell wall
- The nucleus houses DNA and the nucleolus
- A nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus
- Plasma membrane controls substance movement
- Plant cells have a protective cell wall made of cellulose
- Cytoplasm is the internal space filled with cytosol
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is used for protein modification and transport
- The smooth ER lacks ribosomes, while the rough ER has ribosomes
- The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins, lipids, and transports substances
- Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis, producing sugars
- Mitochondria conduct cellular respiration, converting sugars into usable energy
- Ribosomes build proteins
- Vacuoles store and break down substances
- Peroxisomes produce and convert hydrogen peroxide
Fungi
- Fungi are mostly microscopic spore producing organisms
- The kingdom consists of mushrooms, yeast and molds
- Cell walls are composed of chitin
- Fungi are important for ecological and economic reasons.
- They are decomposers of dead plant material
- Assist plants roots absorb nutrients.
- Live as single-celled yeasts or multicellular organisms
- Fungal hyphae have high surface area for nutrient absorption.
- Mushrooms store and release spores.
- Molds spoil food, absorbing nutrients from it.
- Yeasts ferment carbohydrates into alcohol and CO₂.
- Lichens involve fungi in symbiotic relationships with algae
- Mycorrhizae helps plants to absorb more nutrients.
Blood
- Blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones around the body
- Plasma contains water, proteins, and solutes
- The main components of blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets which are all formed elements
- Red blood cells (RBCs) transport oxygen due to haemoglobin, accounting for almost half the blood volume; they are shaped without a hole to increase surface area, are flexible to pass through capillaries, and lack a nucleus
- The structure of the red blood cells mammals varies between species but are generally without a nucleus and organelles
- Haemoglobin has four sub-units with haem groups containing iron
- White blood cells/leukocytes boost immunity, having nuclei without haemoglobin
- Different types of white blood cells exist, each with different functions
- Neutrophils trigger inflammation
- Basophils help repair damage
- Eosinophils engulf foreign substances
- Lymphocytes include T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells
- Albumins maintain osmotic pressure
- Globulins transport hormones
- Fibrinogen clots blood to prevent blood loss
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry it back
- Capillaries move blood through tissues
- Haematopoiesis is the formation of new blood cells from hemocytoblasts happening mostly in the bone marrow.
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Description
Explore the intricate structures and functions within animal cells. This includes understanding the roles of the plasma membrane, chromatin, ribosomes, and other key components. Learn how these elements facilitate essential cellular processes.
