Animal Biology Quiz: Invertebrates and Germ Layers
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about choanocytes is true?

  • They transport nutrients throughout the body.
  • They make up the body wall.
  • They are responsible for producing skeletal fibers.
  • They have flagella that circulate water. (correct)

    • The basic body plan of cnidarians includes a central digestive compartment with two openings for intake and waste.

    False

    What specialized structure do nematocysts possess to capture prey?

    stinging thread

    Ctenophores primarily move through water using _______.

    <p>cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following animal groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Cnidaria = Sac with a central digestive cavity and nematocysts Ctenophora = Propelled by cilia and covered with sticky threads Acoela = Simple nervous system and saclike gut Porifera = Absence of true tissues and porous body structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer gives rise to the central nervous system in some phyla?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cnidarians are considered triploblastic because they have three germ layers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe animals with a body cavity that forms from tissue derived from mesoderm?

    <p>Coelomates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the innermost germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract.

    <p>Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Coelom = Body cavity that provides structural support and allows organ movement Diploblastic = Organisms with two germ layers Triploblastic = Organisms with three germ layers Mesoderm = Germ layer that forms muscles and most other organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a coelom in soft-bodied animals?

    <p>To serve as a skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All bilaterally symmetrical animals are considered coelomates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two itermediate forms of body cavities present in animals?

    <p>Coelomate and pseudocoelomate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature distinguishes Myllokunmingia from vertebrates?

    <p>Lack of vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haikouella possessed a skull.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two living vertebrates without jaws?

    <p>hagfish and lampreys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The earliest fossils of vertebrates date back to __________ million years ago.

    <p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their defining characteristics:

    <p>Myllokunmingia = First chordate to have a head Haikouella = Had eyes and brain, no skull Conodonts = Soft-bodied vertebrates lacking jaws Hagfish = Vertebrate without a jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did gnathostomes evolve from according to one hypothesis?

    <p>Skeletal rods of gill slits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gnathostomes include sharks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the adjustable jaws in gnathostomes?

    <p>To grip food items firmly and slice them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of animals lack gills as adults?

    <p>Amniotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All amphibians undergo metamorphosis from a larval stage to an adult form.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the amnion in the amniotic egg?

    <p>To provide a fluid environment that protects the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the __________ egg.

    <p>amnioitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following amphibian clades with their descriptions:

    <p>Urodela = Salamanders Anura = Frogs Apoda = Caecilians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation did amniotes develop to reduce dependence on water for reproduction?

    <p>Amniotic egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amniotic egg has four specialized membranes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the gills and lateral line system during amphibian metamorphosis?

    <p>They disappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amnion in reptiles?

    <p>Protection against mechanical shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All reptiles lay their eggs on land.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary lineages of amniotes?

    <p>Reptiles and mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ sac is responsible for storing nutrients for the developing embryo.

    <p>yolk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics distinguishes reptiles from amphibians?

    <p>Presence of scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each animal group to its defining characteristic:

    <p>Reptiles = Have scales containing keratin Birds = Modified tetrapod forelimb for flight Mammals = Nourish young with milk Amniotes = Develop embryos in a protective environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Birds share a common ancestor with crocodilians.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that mammalian kidneys are adapted for life on land?

    <p>They are efficient at conserving water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is NOT one of the three major clades of Bilateria?

    <p>Acoela</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All flatworms possess a gastrovascular cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes the Deuterostomia clade?

    <p>Distinct patterns of early development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phylum Platyhelminthes includes _____ and _____ species.

    <p>free-living, parasitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their primary characteristic:

    <p>Echinoderms = Adult radial symmetry and unique water vascular system Hemichordates = Bilateral symmetry with gill slits Chordates = Notochord and dorsal nerve cord Tapeworms = Absorb nutrients through body surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in tapeworms allows them to attach to the host's intestinal lining?

    <p>Scolex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flatworms are exclusively aquatic organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the long ribbon of sex organ sacs found in tapeworms?

    <p>Proglottids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal Phyla

    • Fungi
    • Porifera (Sponges) - lack true tissues, have choanocytes (collar cells)
    • Cnidaria (Hydras, jellies, sea anemones, corals)- Unique stinging structures (nematocysts)
    • Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) - Dorsoventrally flattened, acoelomates, gastrovascular cavity
    • Rotifera (Rotifers) - Pseudocoelomates, alimentary canal
    • Lophophorates- Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda- Coelomates, lophophores (feeding structures)
    • Mollusca (Clams, snails, squids) - Coelomates, three body parts
    • Annelida (Segmented worms) - Coelomates, segmented body wall
    • Nematoda (Roundworms) - Pseudocoelomates
    • Arthropoda - Segmented bodies with jointed appendages
    • Echinodermata (Sea stars, sea urchins)- Coelomates, five-part body organization, water vascular system

    Origin of Vertebrates

    • Chordata (Lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates) - Coelomates, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, post-anal tail

    Key Vertebrate Characteristics

    • Vertebrates have a backbone
    • Jaws and mineralized skeleton - helped vertebrates become dominant predators
    • Lobed fins - muscular fins with rod-shaped bones
    • Limbs with digits - evolved from lobed fins; a key development in colonization of land
    • Amniotic egg - protects embryo, enables reproduction in terrestrial environments
    • Lungs or lung derivatives for respiration
    • - Swim bladder* for buoyancy in fish

    Tetrapods

    • Four limbs — in place of pectoral and pelvic fins.
    • Neck — Separates the head from the body.
    • Fused pelvic girdle — transfers force generated by the hind legs to the rest of the body.

    Amphibians

    • Modern amphibians (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) - Have four limbs, moist skin for gas exchange, live in water and on land

    Amniotes

    • Amniotic egg — contains extraembryonic membranes (amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois) that allow development on land
    • Reptiles
    • Mammals

    Reptiles

    • Living reptiles (turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and birds) - scales, laid shelled eggs on land, efficient kidneys to conserve water

    Birds

    • Adaptations for flight — include a rib cage ventilation, no urinary bladder, and toothless mouths

    Mammals

    • Mammals (monotremes, marsupials, eutherians) - mammary glands for feeding young, hair for insulation, highly efficient kidneys to conserve water
    • Monotremes - lay eggs
    • Marsupials - have a pouch for development
    • Eutherians (placental mammals) - provide nutrients to the embryo through the placenta

    Primates

    • Derived characteristics:
      • Hands and feet for grasping
      • Opposable thumbs in monkeys and apes
      • Flat nails instead of claws
      • Relatively large brains
      • Well-developed parental care
      • Complex social behavior
    • 3 main groups of living primates: lemurs, lorises, bush babies; tarsiers; anthropoids

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