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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of positive reinforcement?

  • Addition of a desirable stimulus to increase behavior (correct)
  • Removal of a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior
  • Addition of an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior
  • Removal of a negative stimulus to increase behavior

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

  • Adding extra homework for misbehavior
  • Taking away a curfew for good grades (correct)
  • Giving a child a toy for completing chores
  • Taking away a favorite game for a bad grade

What is the effect of punishers on behavior?

  • They decrease the likelihood of a behavior (correct)
  • They have no effect on behavior
  • They increase the likelihood of a behavior
  • They only affect negative behaviors

Which method was found effective in improving reading comprehension in children?

<p>Paying children for reading books (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement involves providing a reward for a desired behavior?

<p>Positive reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what does negative punishment entail?

<p>Decreasing behavior by removing a positive stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not associated with positive reinforcement?

<p>Adding chores for late homework submission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle would Skinner support regarding educational practices?

<p>Positive reinforcement is essential for learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the modeling process described by Bandura?

<p>Attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of model involves demonstration in person?

<p>Live model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates a person to replicate a behavior according to Bandura's theory?

<p>Vicarious reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is illustrated when Ravi learns the route to school but does not demonstrate it until needed?

<p>Latent learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which step of the modeling process does one remember what was observed?

<p>Retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of model does not perform the behavior but describes it?

<p>Verbal instructional model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are involved in the process of observational learning?

<p>Mirror neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the chimpanzee study, what behavior did the 'dippers' exhibit after observing the 'suckers'?

<p>They switched to sucking the juice directly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of learning via observing consequences of another's actions?

<p>Vicarious punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically learn from their parents according to the content?

<p>By watching and later demonstrating the behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Bandura's modeling process?

<p>Compression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of learning involves watching others and mimicking their actions?

<p>Observational learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a symbolic model?

<p>A character in a movie performing a stunt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What example is provided to illustrate the concept of observational learning?

<p>Chimpanzees learning to use straws (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Ravi when his father does not drive him to school?

<p>He is able to bike the route he had learned (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in latent learning as demonstrated by Ravi's experience?

<p>Timing of the learned behavior demonstration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What realization did Claire come to after observing her daughter with the belt?

<p>That she wanted to change her approach to discipline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Albert Bandura’s social learning theory?

<p>Internal mental states are influential in learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates learning a new response as described in observational learning?

<p>A coworker changing their schedule to avoid being reprimanded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of observational learning, what does choosing whether or not to imitate the model depend on?

<p>How successful the model's actions were. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Bandura believe that pure behaviorism was insufficient for explaining learning?

<p>It only accounts for observable actions without considering thoughts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a negative consequence of observational learning, as illustrated by Claire's experience?

<p>Children adopting inappropriate behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event prompted Claire to reconsider her disciplinary methods?

<p>Witnessing her daughter imitating her with the belt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative effect of using physical punishment on children?

<p>Heightened fear of the punishing individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Jay take that concerned Claire originally?

<p>He exhibited trouble at school and was defiant at home. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alternative to punishment is recommended by parenting experts today?

<p>Positive reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?

<p>Rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might children who are physically punished become more aggressive?

<p>They witness and imitate the anger of the punisher (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach does Skinner suggest regarding the use of punishment?

<p>Weigh it against potential negative effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response is reinforced in the shaping process?

<p>Responses resembling the desired behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning is exemplified by Harry's experience with cotton candy?

<p>Taste aversion (B), Classical conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a drawback of punishment?

<p>It can create avoidant behavior towards authority figures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In taste aversion scenarios, what is the typical interval between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Several hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the first steps in the shaping process?

<p>Reinforce any response resembling the desired behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the unconditioned stimulus in the example involving Harry?

<p>The illness he suffered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research on taste aversion, what is one proposed benefit of this type of conditioning?

<p>Helps organisms avoid harmful foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Garcia and Koelling's study reveal about biological constraints in conditioning?

<p>Only flavor-illness pairings are learned effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major contribution does taste aversion conditioning make to evolutionary theory?

<p>It can help organisms avoid life-threatening situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the relationship between Harry's feeling nauseous at the taste of sugar and the initial illness?

<p>Conditioned stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why taste aversion develops from a single instance?

<p>It results from a quick associative learning process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where an organism associates a neutral stimulus (CS) with a naturally occurring stimulus (UCS) that elicits a response (UCR). This association leads to the CS triggering a similar response (CR) to the UCR.

Interstimulus Interval

The time interval between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A naturally occurring stimulus (UCS) that elicits a response (UCR) without any prior learning. For example, food is the UCS that elicits salivation (UCR).

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) without any prior learning. For example, salivation in response to food is the UCR.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) through repeated pairings in classical conditioning. After conditioning, the CS elicits a conditioned response (CR).

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS) after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). For example, salivation in response to the bell is the CR in Pavlov's experiment.

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Taste Aversion

A type of classical conditioning where a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is sufficient to create a strong association, even if the interval between the two stimuli is several hours long.

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Evolutionary Adaptation

A process that helps organisms quickly learn to avoid potentially harmful foods, often through a single negative experience with a food. It is thought to have evolved to protect species from consuming toxic substances.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing something to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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Positive Punishment

Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

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Negative Punishment

Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

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Positive Reinforcement

The most effective way to teach a new behavior. It involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

A method that involves removing something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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Positive Punishment

A method that involves adding something unpleasant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

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Negative Punishment

A method that involves removing something desirable to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

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Punishment

Using unpleasant consequences to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

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Punishment & Fear

A type of punishment focusing on teaching fear. A child may become fearful of a person or object associated with the punishment.

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Punishment & Aggression

The use of punishment can increase aggression and antisocial behavior in children.

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Shaping

A process of breaking down a complex behavior into smaller, achievable steps, rewarding each step.

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Successive Approximations

Reinforcing steps that are closer to the desired behavior.

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Target Behavior

Rewarding only the target behavior.

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Observational Learning

Learning through observation of others, including their actions and consequences.

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Social Learning Theory

A type of social learning theory that considers cognitive processes, such as thought and expectations, alongside behavioral factors in learning.

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Imitation

A form of observational learning where an individual simply copies the actions of a model.

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Vicarious Learning

Observational learning where individuals learn from the consequences of another person's behavior.

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Model's Consequences

The observation of a model's behavior, which can lead to the observer choosing to engage in or avoid the behavior based on the consequences observed.

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Cognitive Processes in Observational Learning

The internal processes involved in observational learning, such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

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Motivation to Replicate

A key factor in observational learning that refers to the observer's motivation to replicate the observed behavior.

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Observational Learning in Absence of Reinforcement

A form of observational learning where individuals learn from the actions and outcomes of others, even without direct reinforcement or punishment.

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Latent Learning

Learning that occurs without any immediate reinforcement, but is only demonstrated later when reinforcement is available. It's like learning a route to school without actually driving it, and only using that knowledge when you have to.

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Mirror Neurons

Special neurons activated when observing others performing an action, as if the observer was performing the action themselves.

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Models

The individuals whose actions are being observed and potentially imitated in observational learning.

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Operant Conditioning

It involves learning through the consequences of our actions. Behaviors with positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those with negative consequences are less likely.

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Cognitive Map

A mental representation of the physical environment. This is how we navigate our surroundings. For example, it allows us to take a shortcut to a store by visualizing the path.

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Delayed Testing

A research method where a group of individuals who were initially exposed to a particular stimulus (e.g., a new route) are later tested for their knowledge of that stimulus. It is often used to study latent learning, where the individuals may not have shown their knowledge of the learned information until they were tested later.

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Retention

Observing and remembering the modeled behavior.

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Reproduction

Performing the observed behavior.

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Vicarious Reinforcement

The motivation to copy a behavior based on observing its positive consequences for the model.

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Vicarious Punishment

The motivation to not copy a behavior based on observing its negative consequences for the model.

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Live Model

A type of model that demonstrates a behavior in person.

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Verbal Model

A type of model that explains or describes a behavior without performing it.

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Study Notes

Birds, Infants, and Instincts

  • Birds build nests and migrate as winter approaches
  • Infants suckle for nourishment
  • Dogs shake water off wet fur
  • Salmon swim upstream to spawn
  • Spiders spin webs

Unlearned Behaviors

  • Instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors
  • Reflexes are simple motor or neural reactions to stimuli, involving specific body parts and systems (e.g., knee-jerk reflex)
  • Instincts are more complex patterns of behavior, involving the entire organism (e.g., migration)

Innate Behaviors

  • Triggered by events such as maturation or seasonal change
  • Involve higher brain centers
  • Help organisms adapt to their environment
  • Do not require learning

Learning

  • Learned behaviors involve changes and experience
  • A relatively permanent behavioral or knowledge change resulting from experience
  • Involves acquiring knowledge and skills through experience

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of animal behavior, focusing on innate instincts and learned behaviors. This quiz covers various examples like migration in birds and suckling in infants, and delves into how these behaviors help organisms adapt to their environment. Test your understanding of reflexes, instincts, and the learning process in animals.

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