ch 6
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of positive reinforcement?

  • Addition of a desirable stimulus to increase behavior (correct)
  • Removal of a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior
  • Addition of an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior
  • Removal of a negative stimulus to increase behavior

    • Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

  • Adding extra homework for misbehavior
  • Taking away a curfew for good grades (correct)
  • Giving a child a toy for completing chores
  • Taking away a favorite game for a bad grade

    • What is the effect of punishers on behavior?

  • They decrease the likelihood of a behavior (correct)
  • They have no effect on behavior
  • They increase the likelihood of a behavior
  • They only affect negative behaviors

    • Which method was found effective in improving reading comprehension in children?

    <p>Paying children for reading books</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement involves providing a reward for a desired behavior?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of operant conditioning, what does negative punishment entail?

    <p>Decreasing behavior by removing a positive stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not associated with positive reinforcement?

    <p>Adding chores for late homework submission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle would Skinner support regarding educational practices?

    <p>Positive reinforcement is essential for learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the modeling process described by Bandura?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of model involves demonstration in person?

    <p>Live model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates a person to replicate a behavior according to Bandura's theory?

    <p>Vicarious reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is illustrated when Ravi learns the route to school but does not demonstrate it until needed?

    <p>Latent learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which step of the modeling process does one remember what was observed?

    <p>Retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of model does not perform the behavior but describes it?

    <p>Verbal instructional model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are involved in the process of observational learning?

    <p>Mirror neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chimpanzee study, what behavior did the 'dippers' exhibit after observing the 'suckers'?

    <p>They switched to sucking the juice directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process of learning via observing consequences of another's actions?

    <p>Vicarious punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children typically learn from their parents according to the content?

    <p>By watching and later demonstrating the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Bandura's modeling process?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of learning involves watching others and mimicking their actions?

    <p>Observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a symbolic model?

    <p>A character in a movie performing a stunt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What example is provided to illustrate the concept of observational learning?

    <p>Chimpanzees learning to use straws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to Ravi when his father does not drive him to school?

    <p>He is able to bike the route he had learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in latent learning as demonstrated by Ravi's experience?

    <p>Timing of the learned behavior demonstration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What realization did Claire come to after observing her daughter with the belt?

    <p>That she wanted to change her approach to discipline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of Albert Bandura’s social learning theory?

    <p>Internal mental states are influential in learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates learning a new response as described in observational learning?

    <p>A coworker changing their schedule to avoid being reprimanded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of observational learning, what does choosing whether or not to imitate the model depend on?

    <p>How successful the model's actions were.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Bandura believe that pure behaviorism was insufficient for explaining learning?

    <p>It only accounts for observable actions without considering thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a negative consequence of observational learning, as illustrated by Claire's experience?

    <p>Children adopting inappropriate behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event prompted Claire to reconsider her disciplinary methods?

    <p>Witnessing her daughter imitating her with the belt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential negative effect of using physical punishment on children?

    <p>Heightened fear of the punishing individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did Jay take that concerned Claire originally?

    <p>He exhibited trouble at school and was defiant at home.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative to punishment is recommended by parenting experts today?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?

    <p>Rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might children who are physically punished become more aggressive?

    <p>They witness and imitate the anger of the punisher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does Skinner suggest regarding the use of punishment?

    <p>Weigh it against potential negative effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response is reinforced in the shaping process?

    <p>Responses resembling the desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conditioning is exemplified by Harry's experience with cotton candy?

    <p>Taste aversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects a drawback of punishment?

    <p>It can create avoidant behavior towards authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In taste aversion scenarios, what is the typical interval between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Several hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first steps in the shaping process?

    <p>Reinforce any response resembling the desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unconditioned stimulus in the example involving Harry?

    <p>The illness he suffered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research on taste aversion, what is one proposed benefit of this type of conditioning?

    <p>Helps organisms avoid harmful foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Garcia and Koelling's study reveal about biological constraints in conditioning?

    <p>Only flavor-illness pairings are learned effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major contribution does taste aversion conditioning make to evolutionary theory?

    <p>It can help organisms avoid life-threatening situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the relationship between Harry's feeling nauseous at the taste of sugar and the initial illness?

    <p>Conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why taste aversion develops from a single instance?

    <p>It results from a quick associative learning process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Birds, Infants, and Instincts

    • Birds build nests and migrate as winter approaches
    • Infants suckle for nourishment
    • Dogs shake water off wet fur
    • Salmon swim upstream to spawn
    • Spiders spin webs

    Unlearned Behaviors

    • Instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors
    • Reflexes are simple motor or neural reactions to stimuli, involving specific body parts and systems (e.g., knee-jerk reflex)
    • Instincts are more complex patterns of behavior, involving the entire organism (e.g., migration)

    Innate Behaviors

    • Triggered by events such as maturation or seasonal change
    • Involve higher brain centers
    • Help organisms adapt to their environment
    • Do not require learning

    Learning

    • Learned behaviors involve changes and experience
    • A relatively permanent behavioral or knowledge change resulting from experience
    • Involves acquiring knowledge and skills through experience

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of animal behavior, focusing on innate instincts and learned behaviors. This quiz covers various examples like migration in birds and suckling in infants, and delves into how these behaviors help organisms adapt to their environment. Test your understanding of reflexes, instincts, and the learning process in animals.

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