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Questions and Answers
What impact did nonnative cows and feral goats have on certain tubular flower species during the 20th century?
What impact did nonnative cows and feral goats have on certain tubular flower species during the 20th century?
- They helped increase the populations of these flower species.
- They led to the rarity of these species. (correct)
- They had no significant effect on the flower populations.
- They caused the flowers to evolve faster.
What change in feeding preference is observed in the ‘i‘iwi according to the content?
What change in feeding preference is observed in the ‘i‘iwi according to the content?
- It primarily feeds on the flowers of the 'ohi’a tree. (correct)
- It increasingly feeds on petal-rich flowers.
- It has shifted towards consuming insects.
- It is now obtaining nectar from grasses.
Why do male bees lose interest in flowers that have been pollinated?
Why do male bees lose interest in flowers that have been pollinated?
- They prefer flowers that are less fragrant.
- They have already obtained nectar from those flowers.
- They seek only the flowers that produce more pollen.
- They are attracted to unpollinated flowers due to their scent. (correct)
How may coevolution be illustrated in the relationship between the ‘i‘iwi and the flowers it visits?
How may coevolution be illustrated in the relationship between the ‘i‘iwi and the flowers it visits?
What is a possible result of a flower emitting a scent similar to that of mated female bees?
What is a possible result of a flower emitting a scent similar to that of mated female bees?
Which of the following adaptations does the 'i‘iwi possess for feeding?
Which of the following adaptations does the 'i‘iwi possess for feeding?
What percentage of lobelia species has become extinct due to past environmental changes?
What percentage of lobelia species has become extinct due to past environmental changes?
In ecological terms, what does the term 'coevolution' specifically refer to in this context?
In ecological terms, what does the term 'coevolution' specifically refer to in this context?
What feature of coconut fruit aids in its dispersal by water?
What feature of coconut fruit aids in its dispersal by water?
What process is described by explosive dehiscence in certain fruits?
What process is described by explosive dehiscence in certain fruits?
In what way does the coconut's buoyancy benefit its germination process?
In what way does the coconut's buoyancy benefit its germination process?
Which of the following fruits is an example of being consumed by animals for seed dispersal?
Which of the following fruits is an example of being consumed by animals for seed dispersal?
What characteristic of fruits with explosive dehiscence limits their seed dispersal methods?
What characteristic of fruits with explosive dehiscence limits their seed dispersal methods?
Why is biodiversity in crops important for seed preservation efforts?
Why is biodiversity in crops important for seed preservation efforts?
Which seed dispersal method does NOT involve external agents such as wind, animals, or water?
Which seed dispersal method does NOT involve external agents such as wind, animals, or water?
What is a challenge posed by the preservation of seeds from plants that do not utilize external agents for dispersal?
What is a challenge posed by the preservation of seeds from plants that do not utilize external agents for dispersal?
What factor contributed to the changes in the length of ‘i‘iwi bills between 1902 and the 1990s?
What factor contributed to the changes in the length of ‘i‘iwi bills between 1902 and the 1990s?
What is a unique characteristic of Ophrys orchids that aids in their pollination?
What is a unique characteristic of Ophrys orchids that aids in their pollination?
Which aspect of crop biodiversity is enhanced by seed banks?
Which aspect of crop biodiversity is enhanced by seed banks?
What challenge is associated with seed preservation?
What challenge is associated with seed preservation?
What is a potential benefit of reintroducing extinct species to their natural habitats?
What is a potential benefit of reintroducing extinct species to their natural habitats?
What role do scent and visual resemblance play in the reproduction of certain plants like Ophrys orchids?
What role do scent and visual resemblance play in the reproduction of certain plants like Ophrys orchids?
Why is biodiversity in crops important for agricultural sustainability?
Why is biodiversity in crops important for agricultural sustainability?
What was a significant finding in the comparison of ‘i‘iwi bills collected in 1902 versus those captured in the 1990s?
What was a significant finding in the comparison of ‘i‘iwi bills collected in 1902 versus those captured in the 1990s?
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Study Notes
Comparison of ‘i‘iwi Bills
- ‘i‘iwi bills collected in 1902 were approximately 3% longer than those of live birds captured in the 1990s, indicating a potential evolution of bill size over time.
Coevolution of Plants and Animals
- Specific orchids (Ophrys) mimic female bees in appearance and scent to attract male bees for pollination.
- Male bees are lured by the flowers’ resemblance and attempt to copulate, leading to pollen transfer when they mount the flowers.
Carrion Flower Adaptations
- The carrion flower (Stapelia) has coloration resembling dried blood and emits a foul scent to attract pollinators, highlighting adaptation for reproductive success.
Coconut Dispersal Mechanism
- Coconuts are adapted for water dispersion with air spaces that allow buoyancy, enabling them to float on ocean currents until reaching shores to germinate and grow.
Seed Dispersal Techniques
- Some seeds utilize explosive dehiscence, bursting open to discharge seeds forcefully, ensuring distribution without relying on external agents like wind or animals.
Coevolution in Nectar Gathering
- Animals developed specialized body parts and behaviors for efficiently obtaining nectar, concurrently facilitating the plant's pollination process.
- The long, curved beaks of ‘i‘iwi honeycreepers evolved for accessing tubular flowers, showcasing a response to floral morphology.
Changes in Flower Species
- Many tubular flower species, such as lobelias, faced decline in the 20th century due to grazing by nonnative animals, resulting in the extinction of approximately 25% of lobelia species.
Shift in ‘i‘iwi Feeding Preferences
- The ‘i‘iwi predominantly feeds on the flowers of the ‘ohi’a tree, which lacks petals, suggesting an adaptation of the bird's bill in response to changing food sources.
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