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Questions and Answers
Which of the following behaviors is primarily influenced by metabolic changes when food is scarce?
Which of the following behaviors is primarily influenced by metabolic changes when food is scarce?
Which experimental method involves tracking an organism's movement to study its migration patterns?
Which experimental method involves tracking an organism's movement to study its migration patterns?
What is a common characteristic of daily torpor in animals?
What is a common characteristic of daily torpor in animals?
Which strategy would an organism primarily use to conserve energy during extreme heat?
Which strategy would an organism primarily use to conserve energy during extreme heat?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature that makes microorganisms ideal for industrial processes?
Which of the following is NOT a feature that makes microorganisms ideal for industrial processes?
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What is primarily observed in displacement experiments regarding animal behavior?
What is primarily observed in displacement experiments regarding animal behavior?
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In which environment would you MOST likely observe the use of daily torpor?
In which environment would you MOST likely observe the use of daily torpor?
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What term describes the behavior of animals reducing their activity levels during periods of reduced food availability?
What term describes the behavior of animals reducing their activity levels during periods of reduced food availability?
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What is the primary purpose of aestivation in animals?
What is the primary purpose of aestivation in animals?
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What is one characteristic of daily torpor in organisms?
What is one characteristic of daily torpor in organisms?
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What is a significant benefit of migration for animals?
What is a significant benefit of migration for animals?
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Which of the following techniques is commonly used to study migrating birds?
Which of the following techniques is commonly used to study migrating birds?
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What is one challenge associated with migration?
What is one challenge associated with migration?
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How does innate migratory behavior differ from learned migratory behavior?
How does innate migratory behavior differ from learned migratory behavior?
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Which of these species is known to migrate?
Which of these species is known to migrate?
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Which statement best describes the effects of hibernation on metabolic rate?
Which statement best describes the effects of hibernation on metabolic rate?
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What is a viable cell count?
What is a viable cell count?
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Which phase of cell growth is characterized by a decrease in viable cell counts?
Which phase of cell growth is characterized by a decrease in viable cell counts?
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What causes the lag phase in the growth curve of microorganisms?
What causes the lag phase in the growth curve of microorganisms?
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What is the role of citrate in the fermentation process by Aspergillus niger?
What is the role of citrate in the fermentation process by Aspergillus niger?
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What is the reason for a delay in citrate production observed in the fermentation process?
What is the reason for a delay in citrate production observed in the fermentation process?
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What happens to citrate during the metabolic process if it is not converted?
What happens to citrate during the metabolic process if it is not converted?
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Which of the following best defines a mutation in genetic material?
Which of the following best defines a mutation in genetic material?
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Which of the following substances can be used as precursors in the production of citrate?
Which of the following substances can be used as precursors in the production of citrate?
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Study Notes
Metabolism and Survival
- Key Area 4 focuses on metabolism in conformers and regulators.
- Subsection (a) details abiotic factors.
- Key abiotic factors influencing metabolic rate include pH, temperature, salinity, and moisture.
- Abiotic factors such as temperature, pH, and salinity affect an organism's metabolic rate.
Conformers
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Conformers' internal environments mirror their external environments.
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Snakes, lizards, and frogs are examples of conformers.
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Their internal environment is dependent on abiotic factors affecting the external environment.
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Advantage: Low metabolic costs as they don't regulate internal environment.
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Disadvantage: Restricted to a narrow ecological niche, intolerant of low temperatures.
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Behavioral strategies: Bask in sunlight to raise body temperature.
Regulators
- Regulators use their metabolism to maintain a constant internal environment, regardless of external conditions.
- Dogs and humans are examples of regulators.
- Advantage: Occupy a larger range of ecological niches.
- Disadvantage: Higher metabolic costs needed for homeostasis.
Negative Feedback Control
- Homeostasis is maintained through negative feedback.
- This process maintains stable internal conditions (e.g., temperature) despite external changes.
- Regulators need energy for homeostasis to maintain internal conditions.
Thermoregulation
- Thermoregulation is an example of negative feedback.
- It's the process by which mammals maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C.
- Hypothalamus is the body's temperature monitoring center.
Correction of Overheating
- Vasodilation of blood vessels increases blood flow to the skin, increasing heat loss via radiation.
- Increased sweating uses body heat to evaporate water, cooling the skin.
- Decreased metabolic rate reduces heat production.
Correction of Overcooling
- Vasoconstriction of blood vessels reduces blood flow to the skin, reducing heat loss via radiation.
- Contraction of hair erector muscles traps a layer of insulating air.
- Shivering produces heat through muscle contractions.
- Increased metabolic rate increases heat production.
The Skin
- Vasodilation: Blood vessels dilate, increasing heat loss through radiation.
- Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels constrict, conserving heat.
The Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus acts as the body's temperature control center.
- It receives information about body temperature from receptors and sends signals to effectors for corrective responses.
Why is Maintaining 37°C Important?
- Optimal enzyme activity and high diffusion rates are maintained for efficient metabolism.
Conformers Vs Regulators
- Conformers: Body temperature changes with the environment.
- Regulators: Maintain constant body temperature regardless of environmental changes.
Surviving Adverse Conditions
- Adaptations for surviving adverse conditions involve dormancy (e.g., hibernation, aestivation, daily torpor).
- These involve reduced metabolic rate, heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature to conserve energy.
- Some animals migrate to better environments to avoid adverse conditions.
Predictive Dormancy
- Trees shed leaves in autumn in response to decreasing day length and lower temperatures.
- It's a preparatory measure for winter conditions.
Consequential Dormancy
- Animals like frogs become dormant when hot and dry conditions arise.
Hibernation
- A form of dormancy mammals use during winter to survive low temperatures.
- Reduced metabolic rate, lower body temperature, slower heart and breathing rates are adaptations.
Aestivation
- A type of dormancy for surviving high temperatures and drought.
- Animal metabolic rate decreases to withstand harsh conditions.
Daily Torpor
- A daily period of reduced metabolic activity found in some mammals (e.g., humans, bats).
- It's a strategy to conserve energy.
Migration
- A strategy for avoiding adverse metabolic conditions.
- Migratory animals move to more favorable environments.
Studying Migratory Animals
- Methods include leg-ringing, satellite tracking for collecting data on migration patterns.
Migratory Behaviour
- Innate behavior is inherited and inflexible.
- Learned behavior is influenced by experience, adjusting to different environments.
Experiments on Migration - Displacements, Tendencies, Cross-fostering
- Researchers use these experiments to determine what aspects of migration are innate, and which are learned.
Microorganisms
- Microorganisms are used in various industrial processes and research due to their adaptability, quick growth rate, and ability to produce diverse metabolic products.
- Growth factors influence microbial growth. The ingredients in the growth medium affect their growth rate.
Fermenters
- Closed systems are used for microorganisms to grow optimally.
- Factors including temperature, oxygen levels, and pH are carefully controlled using external systems.
Microbial Growth Phases
- Lag phase: Induced enzyme production to use new substrates for growth.
- Log/exponential phase: Rapid increase in cell number.
- Stationary phase: Nutrients deplete, accumulation of waste/toxic metabolites .
- Death phase: Cell number decreases due to lack of nutrients or buildup of toxic substances.
Cell Counts
- Viable counts only count living cells.
- Total counts include both living and dead cells.
Domains of Life
- Microorganisms come from three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Importance of Controlling pH
- Buffers are added to maintain the pH of growth media to ensure optimal growth of microorganisms.
Genetic Control of Metabolism: Improving Wild Strains
- Mutagenesis is the creation of mutations to increase the frequency of desirable traits in microorganisms.
- Recombinant DNA technology involves transferring genes to produce desired products.
Plasmids as Vectors
- Plasmids are used to carry genes for industrial production purposes.
- Plasmids have a restriction site, selectable markers, and an origin of replication to be good vectors.
Vectors: Restriction Sites, Selectable Markers, and Origin of Replication
- Restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific sites for transferring genes.
- Selectable markers allow researchers to identify cells carrying the desired gene.
- Origin of Replication allows for the multiplication of the required gene.
Vectors: Regulatory Sequences
- Regulatory sequences control gene expression, impacting the production rate of desired products within microorganisms.
Ligase
- Ligase is an enzyme used to seal the desired gene fragment into the plasmid.
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Description
This quiz explores various animal behaviors related to energy conservation, migration patterns, and responses to environmental changes. Questions cover topics such as daily torpor, aestivation, and the efficiency of microorganisms in industrial processes. Test your knowledge on how animals adapt to their surroundings and the significance of these behaviors in ecology.
