Animal Behavior and Ecology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a fixed action pattern in animal behavior?

  • A behavioral response influenced by environmental factors
  • A learned behavior that changes over time
  • A sequence of unlearned acts linked to a simple stimulus (correct)
  • A complex interaction between different species

    • Which of the following is an example of a proximate cause of behavior?

  • The survival advantage gained from aggressive behavior
  • The genetic predisposition of an animal to migrate
  • The environmental changes that necessitate migration
  • The physiological changes during mating season (correct)

    • What type of behavioral rhythm is characterized by a regular sleep-wake cycle?

  • Environmental Rhythm
  • Innate Rhythm
  • Circannual Rhythm
  • Circadian Rhythm (correct)

    • In what way do pheromones contribute to animal communication?

    <p>By transmitting chemical signals with distinct odors or tastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does migration typically occur in animals?

    <p>As a response to environmental stimuli using natural navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased species diversity have on immigration and extinction rates?

    <p>Immigration rate decreases and extinction rate increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors influence the immigration and extinction rates in an isolated habitat?

    <p>Size and distance from the mainland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pathogens play in the community structure of populations?

    <p>They alter community structure locally and globally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes zoonotic pathogens?

    <p>Pathogens transferred from animals to humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does food availability impact population size?

    <p>Sufficient food can lead to larger populations and higher reproduction rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is imprinting, and when does it typically occur?

    <p>A behavior established during a sensitive period of development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines social learning?

    <p>Learning by observing others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Optimal Foraging Model designed to achieve?

    <p>To minimize foraging costs while maximizing food gathering benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mating system is characterized by one male mating with multiple females?

    <p>Polygamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hamilton's Rule express in terms of altruistic behavior?

    <p>Natural selection favors altruism when the coefficient of relatedness multiplied by the benefit exceeds the cost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of sexual dimorphism?

    <p>It involves differences in physical characteristics between males and females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cognition in animal behavior?

    <p>Cognition is involved in more complex forms of learning, such as problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about altruism is accurate?

    <p>Altruism reduces an individual's fitness while benefiting others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of mating systems, what does polyandry refer to?

    <p>One female mating with multiple males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning involves forming associations based on naturally occurring events?

    <p>Associative Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does kin selection promote in a population?

    <p>Natural selection that enhances the reproductive success of relatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the process of play in animals?

    <p>Behavior that appears purposeless but may serve functions like preparation for future challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mate-choice copying in sexual selection?

    <p>An individual imitating the mate choice of others in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by the equation dN/dt = B - D?

    <p>The change in population size over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population dispersion is characterized by individuals being evenly spaced?

    <p>Uniform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Logistic Growth Model account for in population studies?

    <p>Carrying capacity limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of density-dependent factors?

    <p>Food availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a survivorship curve used for in population studies?

    <p>To plot the number of individuals alive at each age stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity in small populations?

    <p>Inbreeding and extinction vortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding r-selection?

    <p>It supports a strategy of high reproductive rates and low survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ecological footprint relate to human consumption?

    <p>It quantifies land and water areas needed for resource production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically drives demographic transition?

    <p>Industrialization and improved living conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'metapopulations' refer to in ecology?

    <p>Populations that are isolated but connected by migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the role of keystone species?

    <p>Their presence greatly influences ecosystem structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>Depletion of oxygen levels in the water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological concept explains the cycling of nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen?

    <p>Biogeochemical cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of energy transfer in ecosystems, which statement is correct?

    <p>Energy decreases at each trophic level, generally around 10% efficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is positive phototropism in plants?

    <p>Growth toward sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'taxis' in animal behavior?

    <p>Behavior directed toward or away from a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of communication signal might poisonous creatures use to signal danger?

    <p>Visual signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of animals marking their territory chemically?

    <p>To communicate dominance among peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines innate behavior?

    <p>Genetically controlled actions that occur without prior experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is behavioral ecology primarily concerned with?

    <p>The evolutionary and ecological basis for animal behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does natural selection play in animal behavior?

    <p>It promotes behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a signal type used in animal communication?

    <p>Kinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between taxis and kinesis in C.elegans?

    <p>Taxis is directed movement towards a stimulus, while kinesis is random movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the relationship between organism size and metabolic rate in endothermic organisms?

    <p>Smaller endothermic organisms typically have a higher metabolic rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if there are significantly more C.elegans at the location with the chemical produced by their prey?

    <p>The hypothesis that C.elegans are attracted to the chemicals is confirmed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the term 'biome'?

    <p>A major life zone characterized by vegetation type or physical environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do autotrophs play in an ecosystem?

    <p>They convert solar or chemical energy into organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes what happens during primary succession?

    <p>It begins in a previously lifeless area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of community ecology, which statement correctly describes mutualism?

    <p>Both species involved benefit from the interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis explain species diversity?

    <p>Moderate disturbances lead to greater diversity than low or high disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a group of populations of different species living close enough to interact?

    <p>Community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model illustrates the influence that lower trophic levels have on higher ones?

    <p>Bottom-Up Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ectothermic organisms?

    <p>They can regulate their body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Shannon Diversity index in ecology?

    <p>It measures species diversity based on relative abundance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is primarily abiotic in influencing species distribution?

    <p>Salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit 8: Ecology - Animal Behavior

    • Organisms respond to their environment through behaviors and physiology.
    • A stimulus is an external signal that causes a response.
    • Tropisms are displayed by plants, showing growth toward (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus.
      • Examples include positive phototropism (growth toward light) and gravitropism (growth toward gravity).
    • Taxis is displayed in animals, involving behavior directed toward or away from something.
    • Kinesis is displayed in animals, involving random movement.
    • Signals allow communication between organisms, benefiting survival and reproduction.
    • Communication signals include visual (like aposematic coloration in poisonous creatures), tactile, audible, and electrical signals.
    • Animals use chemical signals (pheromones) to mark territory and attract mates.
    • Animal communication can indicate dominance, find food, and establish territory.
    • Groups of animals often cooperate to ensure the survival of the group at large.
    • Innate behaviors are genetically determined and occur without prior experience (examples include instincts and reflexes).
    • Learned behaviors develop through experience.

    Unit 8: Ecology - Animal Behavior - Learned Behaviors

    • Animal behavior is action carried out by muscles under the control of the nervous system.
    • Behaviors are essential for animal survival and reproduction.
    • Animal behavior is subject to natural selection.
    • Behavioral ecology studies the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior.
    • Behaviors include responses to both simple and complex stimuli.
    • According to Niko Tinbergen, to understand animal behavior, one must answer the following:
      • What stimulus elicits the behavior?
      • How does the animal's experience influence the behavior?
      • How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
      • What is the behavior's evolutionary history?
    • Proximate causation explains how a behavior occurs or is modified.
    • Ultimate causation explains why a behavior occurs in an evolutionary context.
    • Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs) are unlearned, instinctive behaviors triggered by specific stimuli.
    • Fixed Action Patterns are commonly observed in animals like male sticklebacks.
    • Sign stimuli are external cues that trigger behaviors.
    • Migration is a regular, long-distance change in location.
    • Animals use various cues such as the sun, stars, or Earth's magnetic field for navigation.
    • Behavioral rhythms are cyclical behaviors like circadian (sleep-wake) and circannual rhythms.
    • Animals communicate through signals, including visual, chemical, tactile, and auditory signals.
    • Signal: stimulus transmitted from one organism to another
    • Communication: the transmission and reception of signals between animals
    • There are four main types of animal communication: visual, chemical, tactile, auditory.
    • Pheromones are chemical signals that animals use for communication.
    • Pheromones may influence many behaviors like marking territories, attracting mates and finding food for example.
    • Learning establishes links between experience and behavior, including cross-fostering studies.
    • Several learning types were mentioned, including spatial learning (establishment of memory about environmental structure) and associative learning (making associations between environmental factors).

    Unit 8: Ecology - Animal Cognition

    • Cognition involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment.
    • Problem-solving is a complex form of cognitive activity.
    • Social learning is learning by observing others which forms the roots of culture.

    Unit 8: Ecology - Population Ecology

    • Population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area and frequently interacting.
    • Population size relates to food availability, reproduction, and survival rates.
    • Populations have different adaptations for dealing with lack of resources
    • Population growth, expressed as dN/dt, considers factors such as birth rate (B), death rate (D), immigration (I), and emigration (E).
      • Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited.
      • Logistic growth, also displayed by population size over time, occurs when resources are limited to a given carrying capacity.
      • rmax is the maximum per capita growth rate, or intrinsic rate of increase.
      • K is the carrying capacity, or the maximum population size the environment can sustain.
    • Population sizes vary over time and space.
    • Demographic studies examine birth, death, and migration rates to understand populations’ characteristics.

    Unit 8: Ecology - Energy Flow

    • Organisms use energy to grow, maintain homeostasis, and reproduce.
    • Endothermic organisms (warm-blooded) maintain stable internal temperatures using metabolic processes.
    • Ectothermic organisms (cold-blooded) rely on external sources for heat regulation.
    • Trophic levels represent the positions of organisms in a food chain or web.
    • Autotrophs (producers) make their own food through photosynthesis.
    • Heterotrophs (consumers) obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
    • Food chains and food webs describe energy flow through ecosystems, highlighting trophic levels of organisms.
    • Trophic levels are affected by limiting factors over time.

    Unit 8: Ecology - Biodiversity

    • Community is a group of different species living in the same area and interacting with each other.
    • Species diversity is the variety of species and the number of individuals within each species.
    • A high species diversity is correlated with community stability and resilience to disturbances and diseases.
    • Species composition details the identity of species within a community.
    • Simpson's Index is used to measure community diversity.
    • Species diversity is crucial in maintaining healthy ecosystems.
    • Interactions among species, including various types of competition, determine the structure of a community, as well as trophic structure.
    • Interactions among species may include symbiotic relationships like commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.
    • Keystone species have an unusually large impact on the other organisms in their community.

    Unit 8: Ecology - Ecosystem Survival

    • Natural and artificial ecosystems are affected by changes in the environment.
    • Ecosystem components have different levels of resilience.
    • Biotic and abiotic factors maintain ecosystem diversity.
    • Invasive species can have a significant negative effect on an ecosystem's dynamics.
    • Keystone species have disproportionate effects relative to their abundance, whereas invasive species often have a major effect.
    • The distribution of ecosystems changes over time, often due to climate or other environmental changes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on topics related to animal behavior and ecology. This quiz covers fixed action patterns, proximate causes of behavior, and the impact of species diversity on immigration and extinction rates. Each question will challenge your understanding of animal communication, migration, and population dynamics.

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