Unit 2 - Organisation of the organism
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the long, thin structures attached to bacteria?

  • To protect against disease.
  • To generate energy.
  • To facilitate movement. (correct)
  • To store nutrients.

Which type of bacterium is Lactobacillus?

  • Spherical.
  • Cylindrical (rod-shaped). (correct)
  • Spiral.
  • Irregular in shape.

Which cell structure is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?

  • Ribosomes.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum.
  • Nucleus.
  • Mitochondria. (correct)

What characterizes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (R.E.R.)?

<p>It contains ribosomes on its surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells need to divide in the body?

<p>To support growth and repair. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do animal cells use for carbohydrate storage?

<p>Glycogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?

<p>Chloroplast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components do bacteria cells lack?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane in both plant and animal cells?

<p>Holds the cell together and controls substance movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component gives plant cells their shape and support?

<p>Cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ribosomes is true?

<p>They serve as the site of protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one unique characteristic of bacterial cells compared to plant and animal cells?

<p>Presence of flagella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate do plant cells primarily use for storage?

<p>Starch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell does aerobic respiration primarily occur?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?

<p>Storage and support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

<p>Transport of oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation of ciliated cells aids in their function?

<p>Hair-like structures called cilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows cells to develop specialized characteristics?

<p>Differentiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do sperm cells have a mid-piece filled with mitochondria?

<p>To release energy needed for swimming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of xylem vessels in plants?

<p>Conduction of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of palisade mesophyll cells?

<p>Column shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of haemoglobin in red blood cells?

<p>To join with oxygen for transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cell membrane of an egg cell after fertilization?

<p>It changes to prevent additional sperm from entering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main purpose of root hair cells is to:

<p>Absorb water and minerals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the magnification formula, what does the image size relate to?

<p>The actual size of the specimen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell structure is designed to lack organelles to assist in water passage?

<p>Xylem vessel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adaptation of the nerve cell for conducting impulses?

<p>Long extensions and branches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the sperm cell is responsible for penetrating the egg?

<p>Acrosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is commonly found in the digestive system?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis in cells.

Cytoplasm

A gel-like substance that fills the cell, supporting internal structures and serving as the location for many chemical reactions.

Cell membrane

The membrane that encloses a cell, controlling the passage of substances in and out.

Mitochondria

A double-membraned organelle responsible for aerobic respiration, generating energy for the cell.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA) that directs cellular activities.

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Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells, providing support and defining its shape. Composed of cellulose.

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Chloroplasts

Green-colored organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

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Permanent vacuole

A large, fluid-filled sac within plant cells that stores various substances, including water, sugars, and salts. Also helps maintain cell shape.

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Bacteria

Microscopic, single-celled organisms with a unique structure. Lack a true nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA.

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Plasmids

Small, circular DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm of some bacteria. They contain genes that provide additional functions.

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Flagella

Long, thin, whip-like structures attached to bacteria that enable them to move.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A network of membranes within the cell, studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and transport.

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Vesicles

Small, circular structures that move throughout the cytoplasm, involved in transporting substances within the cell.

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Cell differentiation

The process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions.

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Diffusion

The process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient.

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Cilia

Hair-like structures on the surface of cells that beat rhythmically to move fluids or particles.

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Axons

Long, thin extensions of nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses to other cells.

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Myelin sheath

A fatty sheath that covers axons, insulating them and speeding up nerve impulses.

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Red blood cell function

Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body, aided by a protein called hemoglobin.

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Sperm cell head

The head of a sperm cell contains the haploid nucleus, which carries half of the father's genetic information.

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Sperm cell mid-piece

The mid-piece of a sperm cell is packed with mitochondria, which provide energy for swimming.

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Root hair cell function

A root hair cell is specialized for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.

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Xylem vessel function

Xylem vessels are dead cells joined end-to-end, forming tubes that transport water up the plant.

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Palisade mesophyll cell function

Palisade mesophyll cells are column-shaped and contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

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Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

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Organ

A group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

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Organ system

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

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Magnification formula

Equation for calculating magnification: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size.

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Study Notes

Animal Cell Structure

  • Animal cells have a nucleus with a distinct membrane
  • Animal cells lack cellulose cell walls
  • Animal cells lack chloroplasts, therefore, cannot perform photosynthesis
  • Animal cells store carbohydrates as glycogen

Plant Cell Structure

  • Plant cells have a nucleus with a distinct membrane
  • Plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose
  • Plant cells contain chloroplasts, enabling photosynthesis
  • Plant cells store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

Plant and Animal Cell Structure and Function

Nucleus

  • Contains DNA (genetic material) controlling cell activities

Cytoplasm

  • Gel-like substance containing water and dissolved substances
  • Supports internal structures
  • Site of many chemical reactions

Cell Membrane

  • Separates the inside of the cell from the outside
  • Controls which substances enter and leave the cell
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Site of anaerobic respiration

Ribosomes

  • Found in the cytoplasm
  • The site of protein synthesis

Mitochondria

  • The site of aerobic respiration

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