Questions and Answers
Study Notes
AngularJS Overview
- AngularJS is a powerful web development framework designed for creating Rich Internet Applications (RIAs).
- It implements the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture for client-side applications.
- AngularJS is open-source and licensed under the Apache License version 2.0.
- Automatically manages JavaScript code compatibility across different browsers.
AngularJS APIs
- AngularJS documentation is structured into modules, which include components like directives, services, filters, providers, templates, global APIs, and testing mocks.
- It provides a comprehensive guide on various topics and includes external resources for further learning.
AngularJS Animations
- Supports animated transitions via CSS for common directives such as ngRepeat, ngSwitch, and ngView.
- Custom animations can be implemented using the
$animate
service. - Animation triggers occur during different lifecycle phases of directives, capable of CSS Transitions, CSS Keyframe Animations, or JavaScript callback Animations.
AJAX and Web Applications
- AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) allows web applications to send and receive data to/from a server without reloading the page.
- Utilizes the
XMLHttpRequest
object to communicate with servers, improving the user experience by preventing page reloads. - Common uses include live search suggestions and dynamic content loading while the user interacts with the application.
AJAX Process Steps
- User interaction triggers a JavaScript request to the
XMLHttpRequest
object. - An HTTP request is sent to the server.
- Server processes the request and interacts with the database.
- Data is sent back in XML or JSON format, which is then processed by the JavaScript callback function.
- Frontend updates dynamically without a full page load.
Single Page Applications (SPAs)
- AJAX facilitates the development of SPAs, where content updates without a full page change, enhancing usability.
- Navigation in SPAs typically retains the main interface on the same page while only changing specific content elements.
Popular JavaScript Frameworks for SPAs
- Angular
- React
- Ember
- Aurelia
- Vue.js
- Cycle.js
- Backbone.js
AngularJS Features
- Data binding capabilities enhance user interactivity.
- Supports dependency injection to promote separation of concerns and reusability.
- REDUCES the amount of code required while maximizing functionality.
- Compatible with major browsers and mobile devices.
Advantages of AngularJS
- Streamlined creation of Single Page Applications (SPAs).
- Offers rich, responsive user experiences through data binding.
- Code is unit-testable, promoting robust application designs.
Disadvantages of AngularJS
- Security vulnerabilities may arise, leading to potential risks.
- Limited degradability compared to some frameworks.
AngularJS Expressions
- Can be written using double braces:
{{ expression }}
. - Also usable within directives to embed expressions.
AngularJS Directives
- AngularJS includes built-in directives and allows for user-defined directives, enhancing web app functionality.
- Directives are extended HTML attributes prefixed with
ng-
. -
ng-app
initializes an AngularJS application right upon page load. -
ng-init
sets initial values for application data. -
ng-model
binds HTML input controls (input, select, textarea) to application data, providing:- Type validation (e.g., number, email, required).
- Status tracking (e.g., invalid, dirty, touched, error).
- CSS class application for HTML elements associated with forms.
- The
ng-repeat
directive can repeat HTML elements based on data arrays.
Creating New Directives
- New directives are created using the
.directive
function. - Directives should follow camel case naming (e.g.,
simpleTestDirective
) and use a hyphenated name when invoked (e.g.,simple-test-directive
). - Directives can be triggered via:
- Element name
- Attributes
- Class
- Comment
- Restrict values for directive usage:
- E: Element
- A: Attribute
- C: Class
- M: Comment
- Default is EA, allowing both element names and attributes; the restrict property can limit to attributes only.
Event-Driven Programming with AngularJS
- Event-driven programming models interactions as dialogs, where events control the program flow.
- Event listeners monitor for events and trigger event handlers (callback functions).
- AngularJS is suitable for developing frontend frameworks over RESTful APIs, focusing on data presentation and two-way data binding.
- It supports data integrity by ensuring real-time changes are reflected in the underlying data store.
JavaScript HTML DOM Elements
- DOM elements provide a means to interact with HTML elements on a webpage by various selectors (ID, tag name, class name, CSS selectors).
- JavaScript allows access to these elements to manipulate content dynamically.
Changing HTML with JavaScript
- The Document Object Model (DOM) lets JavaScript modify HTML elements.
-
document.write()
can write directly to the HTML output stream. - The
innerHTML
property is used to change the content of HTML elements.
UI Logic and Controllers
- MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture is employed for web applications.
- The Controller manages user requests, working with the Model and View:
- Model: Maintains application data, responds to view requests, and processes controller instructions.
- View: Displays data from the Model to users and allows data modifications.
- Controller: Handles user operations and passes appropriate views with model data.
Introduction to AngularJS
- AngularJS is a structured JavaScript framework designed for dynamic single-page applications.
- It leverages HTML for functionality, promoting efficient data binding and dependency management to reduce code length and complexity.
JavaScript Overview
- JavaScript is used for client-side scripting, allowing for interactive and dynamic web pages.
- The
changeText(id)
function changes the inner HTML of an element to display "Ooops!" when called.
Programming Structures in JavaScript
- Key programming structures include:
- Conditional statements (if...else, nested structures, ternary operators)
- Selection statements (switch)
- Functions with parameters
- Input popups for user interaction
Conditional Statements
- Conditional statements enable different actions based on specific conditions.
- Examples include:
-
if...else
, used to execute different code blocks depending on whether a condition is true. - Nested structures that allow for multiple conditions to be checked.
- Ternary operators as a shorthand for
if...else
.
-
Introduction to jQuery
- jQuery simplifies JavaScript by providing an easier syntax for manipulating HTML elements.
- Basic jQuery syntax:
$(selector).action()
- Examples of common actions:
-
$(this).hide()
: Hides the current element. -
$("p").hide()
: Hides all paragraph elements.
-
jQuery Library References
- jQuery can be downloaded and included in projects or used via a CDN (Content Delivery Network).
- Google and Microsoft host jQuery libraries, offering easy access to the latest versions.
Web Technologies and Servers
- ISPs connect users to the internet through various technologies like DSL, cable modem, and wireless.
- Apache HTTP Server is an open-source web server compatible with both Windows and Unix/Linux.
- IIS (Internet Information Services) is a web server designed for Windows, requiring manual installation.
- To publish websites on IIS, the home page should be named
Default.htm
orDefault.asp
and placed in thewwwroot
directory.
Semantic HTML Elements
- Semantic elements describe their meaning clearly, aiding both browsers and developers.
- Examples of semantic elements:
- `` for self-contained content.
- `` for related content.
-
and
for document structure.
- HTML5 introduced new semantic elements to define parts of a web page more effectively.
New Input Types and Attributes
- New input types in HTML5 include:
- Color, date, email, search, and tel.
- New input attributes include:
-
required
,placeholder
,max
, andmin
.
-
WordPress Basics
- Adding new pages to navigation menus in WordPress requires updating the menu in the "Appearance" section.
- Widgets can be managed in the sidebar through the "Appearance -> Widgets" section.
- Plugins extend WordPress functionalities and can be installed via the "Plugins" menu.
Content Migration
- Content migration planning should begin early in the project to avoid delays and extra costs.
- Key steps include:
- Allocating adequate budget and resources for a successful migration.
- Integrating planning into the initial content strategy phase and ensuring it extends into the design phase.
JavaScript Procedures
- Assigning the sum of variables
x
andy
toans
is initialized withvar x = 10;
andvar y = 20;
. - The result is calculated with
ans = x + y;
and displayed usingdocument.getElementById("demo").innerHTML
.
Variables and Data Types
- JavaScript supports multiple data types:
-
Number: Includes integers and floats, e.g.,
var length = 16;
. -
String: Groupings of characters, e.g.,
"hello world"
. -
Object: More complex data types represented as
var x = {firstName: "Saman", lastName: "Withanage"};
. -
Boolean: Represents true/false values; used in conditional statements, e.g.,
var raining = false;
.
-
Number: Includes integers and floats, e.g.,
Conditional Statements
-
IF Statement: Executes code block if the condition is true. Example:
if (hour < 18) { greeting = "Good day"; }
. - ELSE Statement: Executes code block if the IF condition is false.
- ELSE IF Statement: Allows testing multiple conditions in succession.
- SWITCH Statement: Manages multiple potential execution blocks based on a variable's value.
jQuery Basics
- jQuery simplifies DOM manipulation and event handling, allowing efficient code with less complexity.
-
Selecting Elements: Use
$("XX")
to select elements and manipulate them. -
Adding Classes: Method
.addClass()
is used to add CSS classes to elements. -
Document Ready:
$(document).ready(function() {...});
ensures code runs after the DOM is fully loaded.
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
- AJAX enables communication with a server without reloading a web page, enhancing user experience.
- Key steps in AJAX workflow:
- User action triggers JavaScript to create a request via
XMLHttpRequest
. - An HTTP request is sent, and the server processes it.
- Server communicates with a database to retrieve data.
- Data is returned to the client, typically as JSON or XML.
- JavaScript updates the web page dynamically without full reloads.
- User action triggers JavaScript to create a request via
Validation and Error Handling
- Form validation rules are commonly defined to ensure user input correctness.
- Example validation: first name and last name are required fields; the email field requires a valid email format.
- Custom error messages can guide users to correct their input before submission.
Hosting and Maintenance
- Understanding web server systems and frameworks is crucial for hosting and maintaining websites.
- Effective web applications rely on both front-end (HTML, JavaScript, CSS) and back-end interactions with databases or server-side languages.
Summary of Key Concepts
- Mastering JavaScript and jQuery facilitates the development of interactive web applications.
- AJAX is a powerful tool for building responsive, asynchronous web interfaces.
- Form validation enhances user experience by ensuring proper data entry.
JavaScript Functionality
-
changeText(id)
modifies the inner HTML of the specified element to "Ooops!". - Client-side scripting allows for dynamic interactions on web pages using JavaScript.
- Key programming concepts include functions, conditional statements, and passing parameters.
Learning Outcomes
- Ability to implement conditional and selection statements in programs.
- Understanding how to create and maintain web content on remote hosting services.
Conditional Statements
- Essential for executing different actions based on varying conditions.
- Implements constructs such as:
- IF ... ELSE statements
- Nested structures for advanced logic
- Ternary operators for concise conditional evaluations
- Introduces multiple selection options using SWITCH statement.
Web Hosting Overview
- Web hosting provides storage for websites to be accessible online.
- Websites require hosting on connected computers known as servers.
- Hosting services allow users to view web pages by entering a domain name into a browser.
Server Technologies
- Utilizes various server software and protocols like Apache and IIS.
- Domain name registration and management of web servers are fundamental for hosting.
- includes maintenance features like file permissions, indexing, and remote login methods.
Single Page Applications (SPAs)
- SPAs enhance user experience by avoiding full page reloads during navigation.
- Benefits include lower server response payloads and reduced network traffic.
- Popular JavaScript frameworks for building SPAs include Angular, React, and Vue.js.
AngularJS Framework
- AngularJS supports building rich Internet applications using MVC architecture.
- Features include automatic handling of browser compatibility and open-source licensing under Apache 2.0.
Advantages and Disadvantages of AngularJS
- Advantages:
- Framework facilitates creation of SPAs.
- Rich data binding enhances user experience.
- Encourages unit testable code and component reuse.
- Disadvantages:
- Security vulnerabilities.
- Limited degradability.
AngularJS Features
- Expressions are utilized with double braces (e.g.,
{{ expression }}
) to bind data dynamically. - Directives, prefixed with
ng-
, extend HTML features for enhanced functionality in applications.-
ng-app
initializes the application. -
ng-init
sets initial values. -
ng-model
binds form controls to application data, ensuring type validation and status tracking.
-
HTML5 Enhancements
- Introduces new attributes and elements to improve web forms and semantic markup.
- Features include persistent local storage, WebSockets for communication, and the Canvas API for drawing.
- Geolocation capability allows users to share their physical location when accessing applications.
- Drag-and-drop functionalities improve user interaction on web pages.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of AngularJS, a robust framework for developing Rich Internet Applications using the Model-View-Controller architecture. This quiz also covers essential APIs and documentation modules. Test your understanding of AngularJS concepts and their application in web development.