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Questions and Answers
What is Angular primarily used for?
What is Angular primarily used for?
- Creating server-side applications
- Game development
- Data analysis
- Building web, mobile, and desktop applications (correct)
How does Angular structure an application?
How does Angular structure an application?
- As a collection of random elements
- As a series of nested functions
- As a single monolithic file
- As a tree of individual components (correct)
What do directives do in Angular?
What do directives do in Angular?
- Change the styling of the entire application
- Modify the application's core functionality
- Add behavior to an existing DOM element or component instance (correct)
- Create new components from scratch
Where can you define an Angular component's template?
Where can you define an Angular component's template?
What is the purpose of modules in Angular?
What is the purpose of modules in Angular?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Angular?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Angular?
What is the purpose of ngOnit in Angular?
What is the purpose of ngOnit in Angular?
Which method is used for creating a new instance by Angular?
Which method is used for creating a new instance by Angular?
What does the NullInjector do in Angular?
What does the NullInjector do in Angular?
When should the constructor be used in Angular?
When should the constructor be used in Angular?
What does a service provide in Angular?
What does a service provide in Angular?
Where is the platform injector created in an Angular application?
Where is the platform injector created in an Angular application?
What does Dependency Injector do in Angular?
What does Dependency Injector do in Angular?
What is the Angular module that is commonly known as AppModule?
What is the Angular module that is commonly known as AppModule?
Which package provides the HttpClient in Angular?
Which package provides the HttpClient in Angular?
What does HttpClient.get() method return in Angular?
What does HttpClient.get() method return in Angular?
How can you handle errors returned by HttpClient in an Angular component?
How can you handle errors returned by HttpClient in an Angular component?
What is the library used for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in Angular?
What is the library used for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in Angular?
When does an Observable instance begin publishing values?
When does an Observable instance begin publishing values?
What interface is used for receiving observable notifications in Angular?
What interface is used for receiving observable notifications in Angular?
What is the practice of broadcasting to multiple subscribers in a single execution called?
What is the practice of broadcasting to multiple subscribers in a single execution called?
What are Observables used for in Angular?
What are Observables used for in Angular?
Why should you import observables and operators when using HttpClient in Angular?
Why should you import observables and operators when using HttpClient in Angular?
What does the safe navigation operator (?) in Angular help guard against?
What does the safe navigation operator (?) in Angular help guard against?
How does the safe navigation operator handle null values in Angular?
How does the safe navigation operator handle null values in Angular?
Which Angular compiler requires changes in the angular.json configuration file?
Which Angular compiler requires changes in the angular.json configuration file?
What property is added to the compiler config for the JIT compiler to specify warning level?
What property is added to the compiler config for the JIT compiler to specify warning level?
In Angular, when does the framework stop evaluating an expression when using the safe navigation operator?
In Angular, when does the framework stop evaluating an expression when using the safe navigation operator?
Is the @Injectable() decorator mandatory for every service class in Angular?
Is the @Injectable() decorator mandatory for every service class in Angular?
What determines the type of compilation (JIT or AOT) when running ng build or ng serve commands?
What determines the type of compilation (JIT or AOT) when running ng build or ng serve commands?
Which types of functions can't be used to assign values to decorator properties?
Which types of functions can't be used to assign values to decorator properties?
What is the purpose of using macros in Angular applications?
What is the purpose of using macros in Angular applications?
How can you enable binding expression validation explicitly in an Angular project?
How can you enable binding expression validation explicitly in an Angular project?
What does Angular's state() function do?
What does Angular's state() function do?
What does the style() function do in Angular animations?
What does the style() function do in Angular animations?
How does Angular support configuration inheritance?
How does Angular support configuration inheritance?
What component option enables error messages on type errors in template binding expressions?
What component option enables error messages on type errors in template binding expressions?
'Folding' in Angular refers to:
'Folding' in Angular refers to:
'angularCompilerOptions' are specified as members of which file in an Angular project?
'angularCompilerOptions' are specified as members of which file in an Angular project?
What does the AsyncPipe do in Angular?
What does the AsyncPipe do in Angular?
Which property binding feature in Angular helps prevent XSS vulnerabilities?
Which property binding feature in Angular helps prevent XSS vulnerabilities?
What syntax is used for a template expression in Angular?
What syntax is used for a template expression in Angular?
How can you define a component's template location in Angular?
How can you define a component's template location in Angular?
What is the purpose of a pipe in Angular?
What is the purpose of a pipe in Angular?
When should you use inline templates versus external template files in Angular?
When should you use inline templates versus external template files in Angular?
What is the correct syntax for a template statement in Angular?
What is the correct syntax for a template statement in Angular?
How does Angular handle injected providers?
How does Angular handle injected providers?
What distinguishes a pipe from other Angular features?
What distinguishes a pipe from other Angular features?
How does Angular recognize and handle XSS vulnerabilities related to innerHtml property binding?
How does Angular recognize and handle XSS vulnerabilities related to innerHtml property binding?
What is the purpose of the RouterOutlet directive in Angular?
What is the purpose of the RouterOutlet directive in Angular?
How can you create and apply an attribute directive in Angular?
How can you create and apply an attribute directive in Angular?
What does ActivatedRoute provide information about in Angular?
What does ActivatedRoute provide information about in Angular?
In Angular routing, what is the purpose of RouterLinkActive?
In Angular routing, what is the purpose of RouterLinkActive?
What is the feature of Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation in Angular?
What is the feature of Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation in Angular?
How can you access the current RouterState in an Angular application?
How can you access the current RouterState in an Angular application?
What must be configured with a list of route definitions in Angular routing?
What must be configured with a list of route definitions in Angular routing?
What happens if a URL doesn't match any predefined routes in Angular routing?
What happens if a URL doesn't match any predefined routes in Angular routing?
'NgElement' and 'WithProperties' types are exported from which Angular module?
'NgElement' and 'WithProperties' types are exported from which Angular module?
What is the purpose of Http Interceptors in Angular?
What is the purpose of Http Interceptors in Angular?
How is a Subject in RxJS different from a plain Observable?
How is a Subject in RxJS different from a plain Observable?
Which Angular tool allows for the bypassing of the Angular CLI builder?
Which Angular tool allows for the bypassing of the Angular CLI builder?
What is the purpose of defining custom unique ids for text messages?
What is the purpose of defining custom unique ids for text messages?
Which platform is the most common context for Angular applications?
Which platform is the most common context for Angular applications?
How can you report missing translations in Angular?
How can you report missing translations in Angular?
What is the key role of a Domain Specific Language (DSL) in Angular?
What is the key role of a Domain Specific Language (DSL) in Angular?
What differentiates an RxJS Subject from an Observable?
What differentiates an RxJS Subject from an Observable?
How does the Angular injector handle dependencies?
How does the Angular injector handle dependencies?
What is the primary role of Bazel in Angular development?
What is the primary role of Bazel in Angular development?
What does the animation transition function in Angular accept as arguments?
What does the animation transition function in Angular accept as arguments?
How can you add enabling Ivy in an existing Angular project?
How can you add enabling Ivy in an existing Angular project?
What is one feature you can expect with Ivy preview in Angular?
What is one feature you can expect with Ivy preview in Angular?
When using web workers in Angular, where can you add a web worker?
When using web workers in Angular, where can you add a web worker?
What is the purpose of an App Shell in Angular applications?
What is the purpose of an App Shell in Angular applications?
What type of decorators come under class decorators in Angular?
What type of decorators come under class decorators in Angular?
What is a DI token in Angular associated with?
What is a DI token in Angular associated with?
What is the primary purpose of Dependency Injection in Angular?
What is the primary purpose of Dependency Injection in Angular?
Which type of files do completion and diagnostic services work for in Angular?
Which type of files do completion and diagnostic services work for in Angular?
What does an App Shell help achieve in Angular applications?
What does an App Shell help achieve in Angular applications?
What are the benefits of using Ivy preview in Angular?
What are the benefits of using Ivy preview in Angular?
Study Notes
Introduction to Angular
- Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform for building web, mobile, and desktop applications.
- It offers declarative templates, dependency injection, and end-to-end tooling for easy application development.
Angular Application Structure
- An Angular application is divided into separate modules to separate the functionality.
- NgModule is a logical boundary in the application, and the application is divided into separate modules.
- The NgModule decorator has five important options.
Components and Templates
- A template is an HTML view that displays data by binding controls to properties of an Angular component.
- Templates can be defined inline or in a separate HTML file.
- The @Component decorator is used to link to a separate HTML file.
Lifecycle of Angular Application
- The Angular application goes through a lifecycle, which includes initialization and destruction.
- The lifecycle methods are used to perform initialization and cleanup tasks.
- The constructor is a default method of the class that is executed when the class is instantiated.
- ngOnInit is a lifecycle hook that is called by Angular to indicate that Angular is done creating the component.
Dependency Injection
- Angular uses a dependency injector to resolve dependencies between components.
- The dependency injector is used to provide services to components.
- A service is a class that provides a common functionality to various components.
- Services allow for greater separation of concerns and better modularity.
Data Binding
- Two-way data binding allows data to flow both ways, from the component to the template and from the template to the component.
- The [(ngModel)] syntax is used for two-way data binding.
- Event binding is used to bind events to component methods.
- Property binding is used to bind properties to component properties.
- Interpolation is used to add the value of a property to the template.
Pipes
- Pipes are simple functions that use template expressions to accept data as input and transform it into a desired output.
- Pipes can be chained together to perform complex transformations.
- Pipes can accept optional parameters to fine-tune their output.
HTTP and Observables
- The HttpClient is used to make HTTP requests to the server.
- The HttpClient returns an Observable of typed HttpResponse.
- Observables are used to handle asynchronous data.
- Observables can be subscribed to receive notifications.
- The RxJS library is used to work with Observables.
Angular Elements
- Angular Elements are a feature of Angular that allows you to use Angular components as custom elements.
- The Angular Elements are packaged as custom elements.
- The browser support of Angular Elements is the same as custom elements support.
Routing
- The Angular Router is used to navigate between routes.
- The RouterOutlet is a directive that marks the spot in the template where the router should display the components.
- The RouterLink is a directive that gives the router control over anchor tags.
- The RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles CSS classes for active RouterLink bindings.
- The RouterState is a tree of activated routes.
- The ActivatedRoute contains information about a route associated with a component.
- The RouterModule is used to configure the router with routes.
Compilation
- Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app at build time.
- AOT is the default starting in Angular 9.### Angular Compilation
- Angular compilation depends on the
aot
property in the build configuration specified inangular.json
. - By default,
aot
is set totrue
. - AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compilation benefits:
- Faster rendering
- Smaller bundles
- Better performance
AOT Compiler
- The AOT compiler supports macros in the form of functions or static methods that return an expression in a single return statement.
- Macros can be used inside metadata as an expression.
- The compiler treats the macro expression as if it was written directly.
- Example of a macro function:
let macroFunction = () => { return 'some value'; }
Errors in Metadata
- Errors encountered in metadata:
- Unable to refer to selector references because they are not exported.
- Unable to fold some expressions, such as spread operators on arrays, objects created using new keywords, and function calls.
- The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the metadata.
Angular Compiler Options
- Angular compiler options are specified as members of the
angularCompilerOptions
object in thetsconfig.json
file. - These options are specified adjacent to TypeScript compiler options.
- Example:
fullTemplateTypeCheck
compiler option to enable binding expression validation.
Dependencies
- The dependencies section of
package.json
in an Angular application can be divided into:- Dependencies
- DevDependencies
- PeerDependencies
- Installing Angular Language Service in a project using the
npm
command:npm install @angular/language-service
Navigation
- Navigation features in Angular:
- Hovering over a component, directive, or module and clicking F12 to go directly to its definition.
- Error checking and warnings for mistakes in code.
- Autocompletion for contextual possibilities and hints as you type.
Web Workers
- Adding web workers to an Angular project:
- Using the
ng generate web-worker
command to create a web worker file. - Refactoring initial scaffolding web worker code for sending messages to and from.
- Using the
- Important things to remember when using Web Workers in Angular projects:
- Web workers run in a separate context from the main thread.
- Web workers communicate with the main thread using messages.
App Shell
- App shell is a way to render a portion of an application via a route at build time.
- Benefits of using app shell:
- Faster rendering of the initial page load.
- The browser can render static HTML and CSS without the need to initialize JavaScript.
- Achieving app shell using Angular CLI, which generates an app shell for running server-side of the app.
Case Types
- Angular follows capitalization conventions to distinguish the names of various types:
- PascalCase (UpperCamelCase)
- camelCase (lowerCamelCase)
- UPPERCASE
- lowercase
- kebab-case (lower-kebab-case)
Decorators
- Class decorators:
- Immediately before a class definition.
- Declares the class to be of a given type.
- Provides metadata suitable to the type.
- Class field decorators:
- Immediately before a field in a class definition.
- Defines the type of that field.
- Examples:
@Input
and@Output
DI Tokens
- DI token is a lookup token associated with a dependency provider in the dependency injection system.
- The injector maintains an internal token-provider map that it references when asked for a dependency.
- Example of DI token usage:
- Providing a token for a service:
let token = new InjectionToken('myServiceToken');
@Inject(token) private myService: MyService
- Providing a token for a service:
DSL
- Angular has its own Domain Specific Language (DSL) which allows writing Angular-specific HTML-like syntax on top of normal HTML.
- The DSL is defined in NgModules such as animations, forms, and routing and navigation.
- Angular DSL has its own compiler that compiles this syntax to HTML that the browser can understand.
Subjects
- RxJS Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be multicasted to many Observers.
- Subjects maintain a registry of many listeners.
- While plain Observables are unicast, Subjects are multicast.
Bazel
- Bazel is a tool for building and testing software.
- Key advantages of using Bazel:
- Faster builds
- Better performance
- Improved scalability
- Running Bazel directly using the Bazel CLI:
- Installing the Bazel CLI globally using the
@bazel/bazel
npm package. - Using common commands such as
bazel build
,bazel run
, andbazel test
.
- Installing the Bazel CLI globally using the
Platforms
- A platform is the context in which an Angular application runs.
- The most common platform for Angular applications is a web browser.
- Angular can be used as a platform-independent framework in different environments, such as:
- Mobile devices
- Web servers
- Desktop applications
View Child
- Using the
@ViewChild
directive to access elements in the view directly. - Example: accessing an input element with a reference:
- ``
@ViewChild('myInput') myInput: ElementRef
Router
- Subscribing to the router to detect changes:
this.router.events.subscribe(event => { ... });
Http Interceptors
- Http Interceptors are part of
@angular/common/http
. - They inspect and transform HTTP requests from the application to the server and vice versa.
- Interceptors can perform a variety of implicit tasks, such as authentication and logging.
- Example of an Http Interceptor interface:
intercept(request: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler): Observable>
- Using interceptors by declaring a service class that implements the
intercept()
method of theHttpInterceptor
interface.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the syntax of Angular's Domain Specific Language (DSL) used for writing Angular-specific html-like syntax. Learn about how Angular's injector maintains an internal token-provider map and references it when asked for a dependency.