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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the brightly colored petals in flowers?
What is the primary purpose of the brightly colored petals in flowers?
- To enhance the aesthetic appeal of the flower
- To provide shelter for insects
- To attract insects for pollination (correct)
- To protect the reproductive organs of the flower
Which type of corolla has free petals?
Which type of corolla has free petals?
- Imbricate
- Gamopetalous
- Polypetalous (correct)
- Twisted
In which type of aestivation do the sepals or petals just touch at the margin without overlapping?
In which type of aestivation do the sepals or petals just touch at the margin without overlapping?
- Vexillary
- Valvate (correct)
- Twisted
- Imbricate
Which flower species exhibits twisted aestivation?
Which flower species exhibits twisted aestivation?
Which type of aestivation is characterized by petals overlapping one another but not in a specific direction?
Which type of aestivation is characterized by petals overlapping one another but not in a specific direction?
What is a common characteristic shared by all angiosperms?
What is a common characteristic shared by all angiosperms?
What is typically formed from the direct elongation of the radicle in dicotyledonous plants?
What is typically formed from the direct elongation of the radicle in dicotyledonous plants?
Which of the following best describes the function of lateral roots in dicotyledonous plants?
Which of the following best describes the function of lateral roots in dicotyledonous plants?
Which division correctly describes the underground and above-ground parts of a flowering plant?
Which division correctly describes the underground and above-ground parts of a flowering plant?
For effective classification and understanding of higher plants, which of the following is essential?
For effective classification and understanding of higher plants, which of the following is essential?
What structures make up the androecium of a flower?
What structures make up the androecium of a flower?
Which term describes a sterile stamen?
Which term describes a sterile stamen?
How are stamens classified when they are united into a single bundle?
How are stamens classified when they are united into a single bundle?
What are the three main parts of a carpel in the gynoecium?
What are the three main parts of a carpel in the gynoecium?
When stamens are attached to the petals, what is the term used to describe this condition?
When stamens are attached to the petals, what is the term used to describe this condition?
What is endospermic tissue found in castor seeds primarily used for?
What is endospermic tissue found in castor seeds primarily used for?
Which of the following seeds is classified as non-endospermous?
Which of the following seeds is classified as non-endospermous?
Which structure is located at the two ends of the embryonal axis in a seed?
Which structure is located at the two ends of the embryonal axis in a seed?
Which statement about monocotyledonous seeds is accurate?
Which statement about monocotyledonous seeds is accurate?
What term describes seeds like those of orchids that do not contain endosperm?
What term describes seeds like those of orchids that do not contain endosperm?
What does the floral formula symbol 'A' represent?
What does the floral formula symbol 'A' represent?
In a floral diagram, which part is drawn as the innermost whorl?
In a floral diagram, which part is drawn as the innermost whorl?
What does '⊕' indicate in a floral formula?
What does '⊕' indicate in a floral formula?
Which family is represented in the floral diagram and formula mentioned?
Which family is represented in the floral diagram and formula mentioned?
What is represented by the dot on top of the floral diagram?
What is represented by the dot on top of the floral diagram?
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Study Notes
General Characteristics of Angiosperms
- Angiosperms exhibit diverse external structures, yet share common features: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
- Classification relies on understanding standard technical terms and definitions alongside morphological characteristics.
Plant Structure
- All plants, including weeds, have root systems underground and shoot systems above ground.
- The root system anchors the plant in soil while the shoot system supports leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Roots
- Dicotyledonous plants develop a primary root from the radicle, which grows into soil and supports secondary and tertiary roots.
Floral Structure
- Petals are typically brightly colored to attract pollinators; they can be gamopetalous (united) or polypetalous (free).
- Varied corolla shapes include tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, and wheel-shaped.
Aestivation
- Aestivation refers to the arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud.
- Major types include:
- Valvate: Margins touch without overlapping.
- Twisted: Margins overlap progressively.
- Imbricate: Margins overlap randomly.
- Vexillary: One petal overlaps the others in a specific pattern.
Androecium (Male Reproductive Organ)
- Composed of stamens, which include a filament and an anther containing pollen-sacs.
- Variation in stamen attachment:
- Epipetalous: Attached to petals.
- Epiphyllous: Attached to perianth.
- Polyandrous: Free stamens.
- Monoadelphous, Diadelphous, Polyadelphous: Variations in stamen bundling.
Gynoecium (Female Reproductive Organ)
- Consists of one or more carpels; a carpel includes stigma, style, and ovary.
- Ovary contains ovules on a placenta, with stigma acting as the pollen receiving surface.
Seed Structure
- Dicotyledonous seeds can be endospermic (with food-storing endosperm) or non-endospermic (without endosperm).
- Monocotyledonous seeds are generally endospermic; some, like orchids, are non-endospermic.
- The embryonal axis of seeds consists of a radicle and plumule.
Floral Formula and Diagram
- Utilizes symbols to represent floral parts: Br (bract), K (calyx), C (corolla), P (perianth), A (androecium), G (gynoecium).
- Indicates fusion and adhesion of floral parts through specific symbols and arrangements in a diagram.
- Example: The floral formula for a plant in the Brassicaceae family illustrates floral part relationships.
Solanaceae Family
- Known as the 'potato family,' the Solanaceae family is prevalent in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions.
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