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Questions and Answers
What follows shortly after the fertilization events have been completed?
What follows shortly after the fertilization events have been completed?
Proteins found in pollen grain walls can trigger immune reactions.
Proteins found in pollen grain walls can trigger immune reactions.
True
What is the primary factor determining allergic response to pollen?
What is the primary factor determining allergic response to pollen?
Pollen quantity
During spring, hay fever is associated with pollen from ______.
During spring, hay fever is associated with pollen from ______.
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Match the seasons with their associated pollen types:
Match the seasons with their associated pollen types:
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Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with hay fever?
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with hay fever?
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The incidence of hay fever in the U.S. has decreased over the past 60 years.
The incidence of hay fever in the U.S. has decreased over the past 60 years.
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Name the largest class of Anthophyta.
Name the largest class of Anthophyta.
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What structures are typically found in perfect flowers?
What structures are typically found in perfect flowers?
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A dioecious species has both male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.
A dioecious species has both male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.
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What is the term for flowers that lack either stamens or carpels?
What is the term for flowers that lack either stamens or carpels?
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In botany, the central tissue column where ovules are borne in a partitioned ovary is called ______.
In botany, the central tissue column where ovules are borne in a partitioned ovary is called ______.
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Match the following types of placentation with their descriptions:
Match the following types of placentation with their descriptions:
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How many floral whorls are typically found in complete flowers?
How many floral whorls are typically found in complete flowers?
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All incomplete flowers are considered imperfect.
All incomplete flowers are considered imperfect.
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Define a monoecious plant.
Define a monoecious plant.
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Which type of plant is characterized by its ability to form haustoria?
Which type of plant is characterized by its ability to form haustoria?
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All angiosperms contain chloroplasts.
All angiosperms contain chloroplasts.
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Name the two main parts of the flower.
Name the two main parts of the flower.
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Eudicots include trees, shrubs, and many _____ .
Eudicots include trees, shrubs, and many _____ .
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Match the following flower parts with their functions:
Match the following flower parts with their functions:
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What is the main structure within a flower that contains ovules?
What is the main structure within a flower that contains ovules?
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The flower is a determinate shoot with unlimited growth duration.
The flower is a determinate shoot with unlimited growth duration.
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What are the two sterile appendages of a flower?
What are the two sterile appendages of a flower?
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Study Notes
Eudicots and Angiosperms
- Eudicots include a variety of plants such as trees, shrubs, and herbs.
- "Dicots" classification system tends to emphasize the uniqueness of monocots.
Angiosperm Nutrition Modes
- Majority of angiosperms are free-living, with some species being parasitic or myco-heterotrophic.
- Approximately 200 species of parasitic monocots and around 2800 species of parasitic eudicots exist.
- Parasitic plants develop haustoria, which are specialized structures for absorption.
- Myco-heterotrophic plants depend on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrients and lack chlorophyll.
- Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora) is a well-known myco-heterotroph.
Flower Structure
- Flowers consist of four whorls:
- Carpels: female reproductive parts (gynoecium)
- Stamens: male reproductive parts (androecium)
- Corolla: petals
- Calyx: sepals
- Flowers act as determinate shoots with a specific growth duration and bear sporophylls.
- The carpel, which contains ovules, is the primary floral structure.
- Flowers have two sets of sterile appendages: sepals (calyx) and petals (corolla), together known as the perianth.
Inflorescences
- Flowers can cluster together to form inflorescences.
- Fertilization leads to the nuclei entering mitosis; sometimes extra embryos abort.
Hay Fever
- 10-18% of individuals in the Northern Hemisphere suffer from hay fever due to allergens in pollen.
- Pollen grain proteins can trigger immune reactions, often contributing to genetic self-incompatibility.
- Wind-borne pollen from grasses, birch trees, and ragweed are major allergens.
Seasonal Pollen Patterns
- Spring: Tree pollen from oaks, elms, and birches predominates.
- Summer: Grass pollen, especially Bermuda and timothy grasses, is common.
- Fall: Ragweed and grasses are major irritants; individual plant sensitivities vary.
Hay Fever Trends
- Increased incidence of hay fever in the U.S. over the past 60 years, despite falling pollen counts in some areas.
- Enhanced detection methods may partly explain the rising prevalence.
Anthophyta Classification
- Monocotyledonae is the largest class of Angiosperms, consisting of about 90,000 species.
Ovary Structure
- The placenta is the ovary part where ovules stay attached until they mature.
- Various types of placentation include parietal, axile, free central, and basal/apical, determining ovule arrangement.
Flower Types
- Perfect flowers contain both stamens and carpels, while imperfect flowers have one or the other.
- Monoecious species bear both flower types on the same plant; dioecious species have them on separate plants.
- Complete flowers possess all four whorls; incomplete flowers may lack any whorl and can be imperfect or perfect.
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Description
Explore the fascinating diversity of angiosperms, focusing on eudicots and their nutritional modes. This quiz covers the characteristics of free-living, parasitic, and myco-heterotrophic angiosperms, highlighting their adaptations and ecological roles.
