Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why is it crucial to scrub a surgical site at least three times with antiseptics?
Why is it crucial to scrub a surgical site at least three times with antiseptics?
- To meet legal requirements of surgical site preparation.
- To ensure complete removal of all microorganisms from the surgical site.
- To sufficiently reduce the microbial load and minimize the risk of infection. (correct)
- To enhance the penetration of the antiseptic agents into deeper tissues.
What is the primary reason to avoid the use of bupivacaine for laryngeal desensitization during intubation?
What is the primary reason to avoid the use of bupivacaine for laryngeal desensitization during intubation?
- It poses a higher risk of cardiotoxicity compared to other local anesthetics. (correct)
- It causes excessive salivation, complicating airway management.
- It increases the risk of laryngospasm, making intubation more difficult.
- It is less effective than lidocaine in providing adequate desensitization.
A patient under anesthesia experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate initial step?
A patient under anesthesia experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate initial step?
- Reduce the vaporizer setting of the anesthetic agent. (correct)
- Increase the oxygen flow rate.
- Immediately administer epinephrine.
- Administer a rapid bolus of crystalloid fluids.
During a surgical procedure, the surgical drapes become wet. What potential complication should you be most concerned about?
During a surgical procedure, the surgical drapes become wet. What potential complication should you be most concerned about?
What does a capnograph measure during anesthetic monitoring?
What does a capnograph measure during anesthetic monitoring?
Why is it important to use an E-collar after Penrose drain placement?
Why is it important to use an E-collar after Penrose drain placement?
A patient under anesthesia exhibits pale mucous membranes post-operatively. What is the most likely cause?
A patient under anesthesia exhibits pale mucous membranes post-operatively. What is the most likely cause?
Following an anesthetic reversal with Atipamezole, which drug's effects are being antagonized?
Following an anesthetic reversal with Atipamezole, which drug's effects are being antagonized?
During a surgical procedure, a patient's ECG shows ventricular tachycardia. What is the most appropriate action?
During a surgical procedure, a patient's ECG shows ventricular tachycardia. What is the most appropriate action?
If the capnograph reading is high (ETCO2 > 60 mmHg), what initial step should be taken to address this?
If the capnograph reading is high (ETCO2 > 60 mmHg), what initial step should be taken to address this?
How many times should a surgical site be scrubbed with antiseptics?
How many times should a surgical site be scrubbed with antiseptics?
What parameters should be monitored during anesthesia?
What parameters should be monitored during anesthesia?
What are some complications of endotracheal intubation?
What are some complications of endotracheal intubation?
What occurs during Stage I of anesthetic depth?
What occurs during Stage I of anesthetic depth?
What occurs during Stage III (Plane 2) of anesthetic depth?
What occurs during Stage III (Plane 2) of anesthetic depth?
What does acepromazine cause?
What does acepromazine cause?
What does dexmedetomidine cause and what reverses it?
What does dexmedetomidine cause and what reverses it?
What does propofol cause?
What does propofol cause?
What do opioids cause and what reverses them?
What do opioids cause and what reverses them?
What does pulse oximetry monitor?
What does pulse oximetry monitor?
What does capnography measure?
What does capnography measure?
What does the oxygen flush valve deliver?
What does the oxygen flush valve deliver?
What is the standard IV fluid rate during anesthesia?
What is the standard IV fluid rate during anesthesia?
What is the normal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
What is the normal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
How can hypotension be treated?
How can hypotension be treated?
What post-operative care steps should be taken?
What post-operative care steps should be taken?
What does pale mucous membranes indicate?
What does pale mucous membranes indicate?
What does cyanosis indicate?
What does cyanosis indicate?
What does decreased HR & BP indicate?
What does decreased HR & BP indicate?
Give examples of absorbable suture types.
Give examples of absorbable suture types.
What does horizontal mattress suture patterns do?
What does horizontal mattress suture patterns do?
What does simple interrupted suture patterns do?
What does simple interrupted suture patterns do?
What does Ford interlocking suture patterns do?
What does Ford interlocking suture patterns do?
How should instruments be passed to the surgeon?
How should instruments be passed to the surgeon?
Which way should curved instruments face?
Which way should curved instruments face?
What is strike-through?
What is strike-through?
Where are sterile zones located on a gown?
Where are sterile zones located on a gown?
What do naloxone reverse?
What do naloxone reverse?
What does atipamezole reverse?
What does atipamezole reverse?
What does flumazenil reverse?
What does flumazenil reverse?
Write out the formula for calculating concentration
Write out the formula for calculating concentration
Why is bupivacaine not used for laryngeal desensitization?
Why is bupivacaine not used for laryngeal desensitization?
For what kind of patient should acepromazine be avoided?
For what kind of patient should acepromazine be avoided?
What is the first step if a patient stops breathing under anesthesia?
What is the first step if a patient stops breathing under anesthesia?
What should be done after confirming that the ET tube is properly placed?
What should be done after confirming that the ET tube is properly placed?
What is the last step recommended if a patient stops breathing under anesthesia?
What is the last step recommended if a patient stops breathing under anesthesia?
What is the first step in response to a high capnograph reading?
What is the first step in response to a high capnograph reading?
What is the second step in response to a high capnograph reading?
What is the second step in response to a high capnograph reading?
What should be done if blood pressure drops?
What should be done if blood pressure drops?
What surgeries are included in 'common surgeries & prep areas'?
What surgeries are included in 'common surgeries & prep areas'?
What is the minimum standard for autoclave sterilization?
What is the minimum standard for autoclave sterilization?
How do you calculate the rebreathing bag size?
How do you calculate the rebreathing bag size?
What does 'black lead' refer to in ECG monitoring?
What does 'black lead' refer to in ECG monitoring?
What does ventricular tachycardia lead to, and what actions should be taken?
What does ventricular tachycardia lead to, and what actions should be taken?
What does atrial fibrillation lead to?
What does atrial fibrillation lead to?
What does ventricular fibrillation lead to?
What does ventricular fibrillation lead to?
What are some signs that require immediate veterinary attention post-operatively?
What are some signs that require immediate veterinary attention post-operatively?
What should be done in regards to a patients e-collar when they have a penrose drain?
What should be done in regards to a patients e-collar when they have a penrose drain?
How should a wound be treated regularly when a penrose drain is placed?
How should a wound be treated regularly when a penrose drain is placed?
What should be done if the drain falls out on its own?
What should be done if the drain falls out on its own?
Flashcards
Surgical Site Preparation
Surgical Site Preparation
Scrubbing the surgical area at least three times using antiseptics to ensure cleanliness.
Anesthetic Monitoring
Anesthetic Monitoring
Monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation (SpO2), ETCO2, and respiratory rate during anesthesia.
Acepromazine Side Effect
Acepromazine Side Effect
Hypotension; caused by Acepromazine
Dexmedetomidine Side Effect
Dexmedetomidine Side Effect
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Opioids Effects
Opioids Effects
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Pulse Oximetry
Pulse Oximetry
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Capnography
Capnography
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Oxygen Flush Valve
Oxygen Flush Valve
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Standard IV Fluid Rate During Anesthesia
Standard IV Fluid Rate During Anesthesia
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Normal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Normal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
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Endotracheal Intubation Risks
Endotracheal Intubation Risks
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Anesthetic Depth Stages
Anesthetic Depth Stages
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Propofol Risk
Propofol Risk
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Treating Hypotension
Treating Hypotension
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Surgical Recovery
Surgical Recovery
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Post-Op Monitoring Concerns
Post-Op Monitoring Concerns
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Strike-through
Strike-through
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Common Drug Reversals
Common Drug Reversals
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Local Anesthetic Caution
Local Anesthetic Caution
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Spay Incision Site
Spay Incision Site
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Study Notes
Anesthesia & Surgical Preparation
- Surgical site requires scrubbing with antiseptics at least three times
- Anesthetic monitoring includes observing normal heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), oxygen saturation (SpOâ‚‚), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCOâ‚‚), and respiratory rate (RR)
- Endotracheal intubation complications consist of esophageal placement, obstruction, and over/under-inflation
- Stage I of anesthetic depth is characterized by voluntary movement
- Stage II anesthetic depth involves involuntary excitement
- Stage III (Plane 2) anesthetic depth is the ideal surgical depth
- Stage IV anesthetic depth is an overdose that can cause respiratory or cardiac arrest
- Acepromazine causes hypotension
- Dexmedetomidine causes bradycardia and can be reversed with Atipamezole
- Propofol can cause transient apnea after induction
- Opioids cause sedation and analgesia, and can be reversed with Naloxone
- Pulse oximetry monitors oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
- Capnography measures expired COâ‚‚ (ETCOâ‚‚)
- The oxygen flush valve delivers pure oxygen, bypassing the vaporizer
Fluid Therapy & Patient Monitoring
- Standard IV fluid rate during anesthesia is 5 mL/kg/hr for maintenance
- Normal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is 60–90 mmHg
- Hypotension can be treated by reducing the vaporizer setting or bolusing fluids
- Ample bedding and heat support should be ensured during surgical recovery, but wait before feeding
- Pale mucous membranes post-op indicate possible blood loss
- Cyanosis post-op indicates an oxygenation issue
- Decreased heart rate and blood pressure post-op require monitoring for anesthetic overdose
Surgical Instruments, Sutures, & Techniques
- Absorbable suture types include PDS, Vicryl, and Chromic gut
- Non-absorbable suture types include Nylon, Prolene, and Silk
- Horizontal mattress suture patterns reduce tension
- Simple interrupted suture patterns ensure secure closure
- Ford interlocking suture patterns provide strength and stability
- Instruments should be passed handle-first into the surgeon's palm
- Curved instruments should have the curve facing up
- Strike-through occurs when drapes get wet, increasing infection risk
- Sterile zones are located on the front of the gown from shoulders to waist
Pharmacology & Drug Calculations
- Naloxone reverses opioids
- Atipamezole reverses Dexmedetomidine
- Flumazenil reverses benzodiazepines
- Concentration is determined by the drug amount per mL
- Bupivacaine is not used for laryngeal desensitization, instead, lidocaine is used
- Acepromazine should be avoided in hypotensive patients
- Example calculation: If a patient needs 0.4 mg/kg IM of Butorphanol 10mg/mL, calculate dose accordingly.
Emergency & Complications Management
- If a patient stops breathing under anesthesia, confirm ET tube placement
- Manually ventilate at 12 breaths per minute if a patient stops breathing under anesthesia
- Check anesthetic depth & reduce the vaporizer setting if a patient stops breathing under anesthesia
- If a capnograph reads high (ETCOâ‚‚ > 60mmHg), manually ventilate the patient to reduce COâ‚‚ buildup
- If a capnograph reads high (ETCOâ‚‚ > 60mmHg), check the ET tube
- Check the depth of anesthesia if a capnograph reads high (ETCOâ‚‚ > 60mmHg); deep planes cause hypoventilation
- If blood pressure drops, reduce the vaporizer setting
- If blood pressure drops, administer bolus IV fluids
- If blood pressure drops, administer drugs like epinephrine if needed
Surgical Procedures & Special Considerations
- Spay (Ovariohysterectomy) preparation area: Midline ventral abdomen
- Castration (Orchiectomy) preparation area: Pre-scrotal area in dogs, scrotal in cats
- Declaw (Onychectomy) involves removal of the distal phalanx
- Cystotomy involves bladder surgery to remove stones, flush the urinary tract before closure
- Autoclave sterilization minimum standard: 250°F at 15 psi for 13 minutes
Radiology & Diagnostic Monitoring
- Rebreathing bag size calculation: 3–6 times the patient’s tidal volume
- For example, a 5kg dog needs a 0.5L bag
- Black lead placement for ECG: Left forelimb
- White lead placement for ECG: Right forelimb
- Red lead placement for ECG: Left hindlimb
- Green lead placement for ECG: Right hindlimb
- Ventricular tachycardia requires immediate intervention
- Atrial fibrillation results in irregular heartbeat requiring treatment
- Ventricular fibrillation is lethal and needs defibrillation
Post-Operative Care & Client Education
- Signs that require immediate veterinary attention consist of a wet, loose, or irritating bandage
- Other signs that require immediate veterinary attention include excessive licking, swelling, discharge, or signs of infection
- An E-collar is required to prevent licking with a Penrose drain
- The wound should be cleaned regularly with a Penrose drain
- A Penrose drain should not fall out on its own and needs removal by a vet
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