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Questions and Answers
What is the primary aim of administering benzodiazepines before general anesthesia?
What is the primary aim of administering benzodiazepines before general anesthesia?
- To hasten gastric emptying
- To prevent vagal bradycardia
- To reduce anxiety and apprehension (correct)
- To relieve postoperative pain
Which drug class is preferred to prevent vagal bradycardia while minimizing CNS effects?
Which drug class is preferred to prevent vagal bradycardia while minimizing CNS effects?
- Benzodiazepines
- Opioid analgesics
- Antimuscarinic agents (correct)
- Hâ‚‚-blockers
What is a potential side effect of opioid analgesics when used as preanaesthetic medication?
What is a potential side effect of opioid analgesics when used as preanaesthetic medication?
- Laryngospasm
- Reduced gastric emptying
- Increased salivary secretions
- Nausea and vomiting (correct)
Which medication class is used to expedite gastric emptying before emergency surgery?
Which medication class is used to expedite gastric emptying before emergency surgery?
What defines conscious sedation in a clinical setting?
What defines conscious sedation in a clinical setting?
Flashcards
Conscious Sedation
Conscious Sedation
A state of CNS depression where patients remain conscious but relaxed, allowing them to cooperate and communicate during procedures.
Preanaesthetic Medication
Preanaesthetic Medication
A type of medication given before anesthesia to reduce anxiety, prevent complications like bradycardia, and prepare for surgery.
Benzodiazepines (BZDs)
Benzodiazepines (BZDs)
A class of drugs commonly used for preanaesthetic medication to reduce anxiety and apprehension.
Hâ‚‚-blockers and Proton-Pump Inhibitors
Hâ‚‚-blockers and Proton-Pump Inhibitors
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Antiemetics
Antiemetics
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Study Notes
Preanaesthetic Medication
- Used to make anesthesia more pleasant and safe
- Aims to reduce anxiety and apprehension
- Benzodiazepines (BZDs) like diazepam, lorazepam, or midazolam are preferred due to sedative, amnesic, calming, and anxiolytic effects, and wide safety margins
- Act on the limbic system to reduce anxiety
Preventing Vagal Bradycardia and Reducing Salivary Secretions
- Antimuscarinic agents like atropine or glycopyrrolate used to prevent vagal bradycardia and hypotension
- Glycopyrrolate is preferred due to its potency, lack of significant CNS effects, and less tachycardia
Relieving Pain
- Opioid analgesics like morphine, pethidine, or fentanyl used to relieve pre- and postoperative pain
- Limitations include respiratory depression, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, and bronchospasm in asthmatics
- NSAIDs like diclofenac can also be used
Antiemetic Effects
- Metoclopramide, domperidone, or ondansetron used to control vomiting
Preventing Acid Secretion and Stress Ulcers
- H2-blockers like ranitidine and proton-pump inhibitors like omeprazole used to reduce gastric acid secretion, especially before long surgeries
Hastening Gastric Emptying
- Metoclopramide or domperidone used to increase lower esophageal sphincter tone and accelerate gastric emptying, preventing aspiration pneumonia
- These are prokinetic drugs
Conscious Sedation
- Level of CNS depression where patients do not lose consciousness but can communicate and cooperate during procedures/treatment
- Indications include uncooperative and anxious patients
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