Anemia Types and Causes

Which type of anemia is characterized by inadequate synthesis of thymidine and defective DNA replication?

Myelophthisic Anemia
Megaloblastic Anemia (correct)
Aplastic Anemia
Slightly Hypochromic Anemia

What is the underlying cause of Myelophthisic Anemia?

Bone marrow failure
Deficiencies of folate or vitamin B12
Extensive infiltration of the marrow by tumors or other lesions (correct)
Toxins and radiation

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Megaloblastic Anemia?

Slightly Hypochromic anemia
Macrocytic anemia (correct)
Microcytic anemia
Hyperchromic anemia

What is the underlying cause of Aplastic Anemia?

Bone marrow failure due to toxins, radiation, drugs, viruses, or telomerase defects (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of inflammatory cytokines on hepcidin levels?

Increase hepcidin levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tooth structure destruction in dental caries?

Acid end products of sugar fermentation by bacteria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of gingivitis?

Reversible inflammation of the mucosa (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of periodontitis if left untreated?

Eventual loss of dentition (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of herpes simplex virus infection in the oral cavity?

Vesicles that rupture and heal, without scarring (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of aphthous ulcers?

Unknown etiology (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group most affected by dental caries as a cause of tooth loss?

Individuals < 35 years of age (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common tumor found in the jaws?

Ameloblastoma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Odontogenic keratocyst?

It is locally aggressive, with a high recurrence rate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal passage between the esophagus and the trachea?

Fistula (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the triad of symptoms associated with Achalasia?

Incomplete lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, increased LES tone, and esophageal aperistalsis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common esophageal laceration?

Mallory-Weiss tears (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the histopathologic finding of esophageal mucosal injury caused by HSV or CMV?

Nuclear viral inclusions within rim of degenerating epithelial cells at ulcer edge (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of risk factor for gallstones in females?

5% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of exophytic pattern of growth in pancreatic tumors?

Irregular, cauliflower mass in the lumen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

Long-term alcohol abuse (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the feature of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas?

Obstructive jaundice (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many genes are affected in pancreatic cancer?

4 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children under 2 years old?

Intussusception (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of defective neural crest cell migration from the cecum to the rectum?

Hirschsprung disease (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common location of ischemic bowel disease?

Splenic flexure, sigmoid colon, and rectum (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common cause of lower GI bleeding in older adults?

Angiodysplasia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of diarrhea?

An increase in stool mass, frequency, fluidity, and amounts greater than 200 grams per day (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for collateral vessels that form in response to venous hypertension?

Hemorrhoids (D) Signup and view all the answers