Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is adjusted in ANCOVA?
Which of the following is adjusted in ANCOVA?
- Extraneous variable
- Independent variable
- Covariate
- Dependent variable (correct)
What does ANCOVA adjust group means for?
What does ANCOVA adjust group means for?
- The treatment effect
- The number of groups
- The influence of a covariate (correct)
- The sample size
What does a covariate do?
What does a covariate do?
- Reduce variance (correct)
- Increase variance
- Randomize variance
- Have no effect
An ANCOVA is similar to what other test?
An ANCOVA is similar to what other test?
If an ANOVA F-test is significant, what is a typical next step?
If an ANOVA F-test is significant, what is a typical next step?
If a result has a p-value of 0.25, what can be determined?
If a result has a p-value of 0.25, what can be determined?
In psychological research, what is correlation useful for understanding?
In psychological research, what is correlation useful for understanding?
What is a key characteristic of correlation?
What is a key characteristic of correlation?
What is an example of something a correlational study can do?
What is an example of something a correlational study can do?
What is crucial in psychological research that helps gain insights into human behavior and cognition?
What is crucial in psychological research that helps gain insights into human behavior and cognition?
What does a correlation coefficient of -1 indicate?
What does a correlation coefficient of -1 indicate?
A correlation of 0 indicates...
A correlation of 0 indicates...
What is indicated by a correlation coefficient of +1?
What is indicated by a correlation coefficient of +1?
What is typically considered a 'small' or weak correlation?
What is typically considered a 'small' or weak correlation?
What is the key difference between correlation and causation?
What is the key difference between correlation and causation?
What does 'covariance' measure?
What does 'covariance' measure?
What represents the cross-product deviations in covariance?
What represents the cross-product deviations in covariance?
What does the Pearson correlation coefficient standardize?
What does the Pearson correlation coefficient standardize?
What does the null hypothesis test with correlation?
What does the null hypothesis test with correlation?
Which of the following could create a third variable problem?
Which of the following could create a third variable problem?
Which variable in the data is measured on a scale from 1-10?
Which variable in the data is measured on a scale from 1-10?
In the sample provided, what is the total sum of squares denoted as?
In the sample provided, what is the total sum of squares denoted as?
What does effect size measure?
What does effect size measure?
What is the effect size for ANOVA?
What is the effect size for ANOVA?
What does the 'F- statistic' show?
What does the 'F- statistic' show?
What does rejecting the null value tell you?
What does rejecting the null value tell you?
Why should you avoid running multiple t-tests?
Why should you avoid running multiple t-tests?
What term can be described as 'examining mean differences between 3 or more groups'?
What term can be described as 'examining mean differences between 3 or more groups'?
What graph can be used to analyze if data normality needs to be adjusted?
What graph can be used to analyze if data normality needs to be adjusted?
If one uses the conventional 95% Cl with an a = .05, what is the next course of action?
If one uses the conventional 95% Cl with an a = .05, what is the next course of action?
What describes a sample mean compared to some known population mean?
What describes a sample mean compared to some known population mean?
What are experimental designs compared to?
What are experimental designs compared to?
What describes Comparing differences within individuals over time?
What describes Comparing differences within individuals over time?
What is an advantage of planned contrasts/comparisons?
What is an advantage of planned contrasts/comparisons?
What are considered parametric tests?
What are considered parametric tests?
What do Violations of assumptions effect?
What do Violations of assumptions effect?
What is an advantage of using Cohen's d?
What is an advantage of using Cohen's d?
What graph can determine if you should adjust data set parameters based on a model?
What graph can determine if you should adjust data set parameters based on a model?
What is an omnibus F-test?
What is an omnibus F-test?
What test allows you to compare people with continuous variables?
What test allows you to compare people with continuous variables?
What values can Cohen's d be expressed as?
What values can Cohen's d be expressed as?
What does ANOVA stand for?
What does ANOVA stand for?
What is the primary purpose of ANCOVA?
What is the primary purpose of ANCOVA?
In the dog therapy example, what is the independent variable?
In the dog therapy example, what is the independent variable?
In the dog therapy example, what would be the covariate?
In the dog therapy example, what would be the covariate?
What does it mean to adjust the group means?
What does it mean to adjust the group means?
What does the F statistic indicate?
What does the F statistic indicate?
What is the acceptable range for eta squared values?
What is the acceptable range for eta squared values?
What does a 'small' eta squared value indicate?
What does a 'small' eta squared value indicate?
In analysis of variance, if the F-test is significant, this means...
In analysis of variance, if the F-test is significant, this means...
After obtaining a statistically significant F-test in ANOVA, what should be done next?
After obtaining a statistically significant F-test in ANOVA, what should be done next?
According to the material, which of the following is NOT a possible problem with NSH?
According to the material, which of the following is NOT a possible problem with NSH?
Why can it be a problem to interpret p-values too holistically
Why can it be a problem to interpret p-values too holistically
Which of the following is used to reduce variance?
Which of the following is used to reduce variance?
What is being indicated by a arrow/line going from 300 downward to 0?
What is being indicated by a arrow/line going from 300 downward to 0?
Spearman's rho correlations are the same as doing what?
Spearman's rho correlations are the same as doing what?
What is the use case for Kendall's Tau?
What is the use case for Kendall's Tau?
One major component used in ANOVA is calculating what of each component?
One major component used in ANOVA is calculating what of each component?
What is the goal of an ANOVA?
What is the goal of an ANOVA?
ANOVA's are extensions of what test?
ANOVA's are extensions of what test?
Who is accredited with creating or experimenting with t-tests?
Who is accredited with creating or experimenting with t-tests?
Variance that is not explained is caused by what?
Variance that is not explained is caused by what?
If the true mean difference is 0 standard errors away from the hypothesized mean difference the value is what?
If the true mean difference is 0 standard errors away from the hypothesized mean difference the value is what?
What must remain constant when doing correlations?
What must remain constant when doing correlations?
What kind of distribution is needed for most tests to work?
What kind of distribution is needed for most tests to work?
Where is homoscedasticity derived?
Where is homoscedasticity derived?
What statistical tests would involve additivity and linearity?
What statistical tests would involve additivity and linearity?
What is examined with the mean of the data in a ANOVA?
What is examined with the mean of the data in a ANOVA?
One reason to not complete several t-tests to look at group mean differences is because of the error rate is...
One reason to not complete several t-tests to look at group mean differences is because of the error rate is...
If there is no evidence to group mean differences what can be said about about the F-Test statistic?
If there is no evidence to group mean differences what can be said about about the F-Test statistic?
Before determining the value of a ANOVA one must calculate what values first?
Before determining the value of a ANOVA one must calculate what values first?
When calculating effect size in ANOVA, effect size indicates what?
When calculating effect size in ANOVA, effect size indicates what?
Correlation measures the extent to which two variables are related
Correlation measures the extent to which two variables are related
One tool that aids in getting insights into human behavior is
One tool that aids in getting insights into human behavior is
Direction implies if variables have what interaction?
Direction implies if variables have what interaction?
If variables A increases and B decreases, then this would considered as the following correlation.
If variables A increases and B decreases, then this would considered as the following correlation.
Which study type has the most parameters?
Which study type has the most parameters?
When calculating statistical significance what must be considered
When calculating statistical significance what must be considered
In the slide titled "Correlation Types & Use in Psych", what are all the correlations categorized as?
In the slide titled "Correlation Types & Use in Psych", what are all the correlations categorized as?
Which can be used to better understand the relationship between the DV and IV?
Which can be used to better understand the relationship between the DV and IV?
Is it possible to use continuous variable over categorical data?
Is it possible to use continuous variable over categorical data?
Why may a researcher want to utilize planned contrasts or comparisons?
Why may a researcher want to utilize planned contrasts or comparisons?
If a study finds an overall effect in ANOVA, how many specific groups may differ?
If a study finds an overall effect in ANOVA, how many specific groups may differ?
According to the material, there specific comparisons between what is being tested?
According to the material, there specific comparisons between what is being tested?
What is covariance used for in measuring relationships?
What is covariance used for in measuring relationships?
What does a 'zero correlation' generally imply?
What does a 'zero correlation' generally imply?
In the context of correlation, what is meant by 'direction'?
In the context of correlation, what is meant by 'direction'?
In the dog therapy example, what is the role of 'love of dogs'?
In the dog therapy example, what is the role of 'love of dogs'?
In the context of ANCOVA, what is the purpose of adjusting group means?
In the context of ANCOVA, what is the purpose of adjusting group means?
According to the slides, what is the range of values a correlation coefficient (r) can take?
According to the slides, what is the range of values a correlation coefficient (r) can take?
Which of the following statements best describes a 'positive correlation'?
Which of the following statements best describes a 'positive correlation'?
What is the definition of ANCOVA?
What is the definition of ANCOVA?
Based on slide 7/82, how would happiness be measured for the dog therapy example?
Based on slide 7/82, how would happiness be measured for the dog therapy example?
What is the purpose of tests like Bonferroni correction or Tukey HSD?
What is the purpose of tests like Bonferroni correction or Tukey HSD?
What does the F-statistic represent?
What does the F-statistic represent?
In analysis of variance, what does a 'significant F-test' mean?
In analysis of variance, what does a 'significant F-test' mean?
What are Post Hoc tests?
What are Post Hoc tests?
What should one consider when calculating statistical significance?
What should one consider when calculating statistical significance?
When conducting an ANOVA, which values must be calculated to determine its value?
When conducting an ANOVA, which values must be calculated to determine its value?
What would be an example of examining people with continuous variables?
What would be an example of examining people with continuous variables?
The goal of ANOVA can be described as which option?
The goal of ANOVA can be described as which option?
Conceptually, what can be said of ANOVA & ANCOVA tests?
Conceptually, what can be said of ANOVA & ANCOVA tests?
What kind of variable should be used with categorical data?
What kind of variable should be used with categorical data?
Why should ANOVA's be performed over multiple t-tests?
Why should ANOVA's be performed over multiple t-tests?
Flashcards
What is ANOVA?
What is ANOVA?
A statistical test that assesses the difference in means between three or more groups.
What is Eta Squared?
What is Eta Squared?
Indicates the proportion of total variance in a dependent variable that is explained by an independent variable or variables.
What is ANCOVA?
What is ANCOVA?
A statistical test similar to ANOVA but includes one or more covariates to control for.
What is a Covariate?
What is a Covariate?
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What is a Correlation?
What is a Correlation?
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What is Covariance?
What is Covariance?
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What is the range of r?
What is the range of r?
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What does r = 0 mean?
What does r = 0 mean?
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What is Correlation?
What is Correlation?
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What is Causation?
What is Causation?
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What is Spearman's rho?
What is Spearman's rho?
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What is Standardizing the Covariance?
What is Standardizing the Covariance?
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What is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
What is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
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What are Degrees of Freedom?
What are Degrees of Freedom?
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When are we dealing with statistical test?
When are we dealing with statistical test?
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What are Tests covered in 3090 follow General Linear Modeling?
What are Tests covered in 3090 follow General Linear Modeling?
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Study Notes
ANCOVAs and Correlations
- ANCOVA adjusts group means to account for a covariate's influence on happiness and uses a partial eta-squared (ηp²) to interpret the variance proportion a variable explains beyond other variables.
- The independent variable's effect size is .24 after accounting for the covariate impact, while the covariate effect size is .160.
- ANOVA and ANCOVA are conceptually similar but differ in application as ANCOVA controls for certain variable effects that ANOVA cannot.
- ANCOVA adjusts the dependent variable related to additional potentially compounding variables, offering a deep relationship understanding between the dependent and independent variables,
Correlation Analysis
- Correlation measures a variable's to which two variables are related across patterns in the response across variables using a coefficient to describe the relationship
- A numerical value represents everything in quantification (r).
Statistical Information
- Raw means include data points for SPSS which is 29.4, Online at 25.1, Group 17.9, Lecture is 9.8
- Adjusted means include data points with SPSS at 27.1, Online at 22.5, Group is 18.5, Lecture is 14.1
- "Dog_love" the covariate shows F (1, 26) = 4.96, p = .035 as students' happiness is influenced by love of dogs
- "Dose" the IV has the covariate effect removed where F(2, 26) = 4.14, p= .027 and is significant.
ANOVA Information
- ANOVA helps decipher if groups differ on average and come from the same population.
- An F-statistic's Procedure tests a null hypothesis.
- The null: group means are the same.
- The alternative states: at least 1 group differs from another.
- 𝜼² = 36.6% test score variation arises from study hours
The T-Test
- A T-test examines mean differences between groups.
- The T-test's Primary use is to compare means of two populations
- The test's hypothesis state null (X₁ = X₂) and alternative ( X₁ ≠ X₂).
- Apply the t-statistic to the t-distribution to gain probability of the observed mean difference
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