Ancient World Music
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Questions and Answers

Which ancient civilization is credited with the invention of the hydraulis, an early keyboard instrument?

  • Egyptians
  • Greeks (correct)
  • Hindus
  • Romans

What role did Confucius attribute to music in ancient Chinese society?

  • It served primarily for entertainment.
  • It was mainly used in religious ceremonies.
  • It was seen as crucial for harmony in society. (correct)
  • It was a tool for military communication.

The earliest known written music was discovered in which ancient location?

  • Ugarit (correct)
  • Athens
  • Rome
  • Nineveh

Which instrument is NOT associated with the ancient Egyptians?

<p>Cornu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of ancient Greek music theory?

<p>It introduced the concept of musical harmony as a vertical line. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the design of the antique lyre used by ancient Greeks and Romans?

<p>It represents harmony. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were the Hebrew musicians portrayed during the conquest of Nineveh by the Assyrians?

<p>They were spared and allowed to continue their music. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the use of musical notation in ancient civilizations?

<p>It involved symbols that represented music and tuning instructions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is primarily used to construct a yidaki?

<p>Hollowed-out eucalyptus branch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During its historical development, who is credited with discovering the first yidaki?

<p>Burbuk Boon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the method of playing a yidaki?

<p>Vibrating lips while blowing down the tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific health benefit associated with playing the yidaki?

<p>Reduction in snoring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate range of a yidaki?

<p>Three octaves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instruments is traditionally used along with the yidaki?

<p>Clapsticks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to tradition, who are restricted from playing or touching the yidaki in some tribes?

<p>Women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable musician has been recognized for blending yidaki music with other musical styles?

<p>Jimmy Page (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a clarinet from other wind instruments?

<p>A single reed is overlapped by the player's mouth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instruments originated in Mongolia?

<p>Surnai (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the harmonica's construction?

<p>The sound is produced by free-vibrating metal reeds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region is the nose flute primarily used?

<p>Polynesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The shawm is an ancestor of which modern wind instrument?

<p>Oboe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of sound production in the bassoon?

<p>Employing two pieces of cane as its reed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wind instrument is characterized by producing sound through multiple bamboo pipes?

<p>Panpipes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the player create sound on a sheng instrument?

<p>By vibrating free reeds with breath. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of West African griots in their society?

<p>To preserve history and stories through music. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the Udu clay drum used by the Igbo tribe of Nigeria?

<p>It doubles as a storage vessel and is traditionally made by women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the Chopi tribe's timbila players typically structure their performances?

<p>One leader improvises while others maintain syncopated rhythms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the ngoma drums used by the Bantu people?

<p>Each clan has a unique beat associated with their identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the bow harps of East Africa?

<p>They feature a curved wooden bow and are played by plucking and damping strings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the music of the Kenyan Maasai compared to other African musical traditions?

<p>It is focused primarily on vocal call-and-response patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What instrument serves as a small thumb piano in the Shona tribe of Zimbabwe?

<p>Mbira (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Berber bands' performances is highlighted in their music?

<p>Their performances consist of lively drummers and musicians playing at festivals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with the construction of a pipa?

<p>It features a long, straight neck. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What modification was made to pipa playing techniques in the 20th century?

<p>Elastic tape was introduced for fake nails. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age was Liu Fang recognized as a child prodigy in pipa playing?

<p>Six (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is NOT traditionally categorized among the eight sounds of Chinese instruments?

<p>Plastic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the range of a pipa?

<p>It extends up to 3½ octaves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the pipa is incorrect?

<p>It is played exclusively in China. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable performance did Liu Fang achieve at the age of eleven?

<p>Played for Queen Elizabeth II. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a type of material used in the categorization of Chinese instruments?

<p>Glass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description best characterizes a lyre among the five basic types of chordophones?

<p>Strings are raised on a bar above the resonator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument is characterized as a trapezium-shaped hammered dulcimer?

<p>Yangqin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instruments is known to have a significant use in Brazilian capoeira martial arts music?

<p>Berimbau (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of the Medieval Lute in terms of its historical use?

<p>It was often used to accompany songs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these instruments has a triangular body and is part of Russian folk music?

<p>Balalaika (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument consists of strings that are struck with bamboo beaters?

<p>Yangqin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chordophone has strings stretched from one end of a bow to the other?

<p>Musical bow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does not apply to a zither?

<p>Strings are raised on a bar above the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural practice did Ziryab introduce that influenced meal presentation in Europe?

<p>The use of multiple course meals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation in music is Ziryab credited with that contributed to the development of the Spanish guitar?

<p>Introducing the oud with an additional pair of strings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which famous Persian musician did Ziryab study under before developing his own style?

<p>Ishaq al-Mawsili (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable contribution did Ziryab make in terms of hygiene advancements?

<p>Creation of underarm deodorant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant influences on the musical styles developed by Ziryab in Spain?

<p>Spanish Gypsy music (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of instrument did Ziryab notably play?

<p>An Arabian lute called an oud (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature made Ziryab a trendsetter in fashion at the royal court?

<p>Promoting seasonal clothing changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which city did Ziryab establish a significant music college in Europe?

<p>Córdoba (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legacy did Ziryab leave in the culinary practices of Europe?

<p>The use of tablecloths and glassware (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Ziryab's nickname that reflects his musical talent?

<p>The Blackbird (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the kendang in a gamelan orchestra?

<p>To set rhythm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features best describes the concept of 'kotèkan' in Balinese gamelan music?

<p>Interplaying phrases by different instruments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must musicians do as a sign of respect when performing with the gamelan?

<p>Remove their shoes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instruments is NOT classified as a metallophone used in a gamelan orchestra?

<p>Kendang (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In gamelan music, the ethical consideration regarding the performance of men and women is that they typically play how?

<p>In separate groups with possible male leadership (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Royal Ancestral Rite performed in South Korea?

<p>To honor the spirits of ancestors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chant emphasizes a commitment to the Lotus Sutra without musical accompaniment?

<p>Daimoku (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which musical tradition is characterized by catchy rhythms and repeated choruses, performed by a South African choir?

<p>Soweto Gospel Choir (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common theme is present in the lyrics of Ma'oz Tzur, a Jewish religious poem?

<p>Hardships and strength through faith (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of performance is associated with the Mevlevi dancers, also known as whirling dervishes?

<p>Song and dance known as Sema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group uses waiata and karakia for various expressive purposes, including entertainment and welcoming?

<p>Mãori singers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary cultural function does the music of the Bauls of Bengal serve?

<p>Religious devotion and personal connection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which historical event did the South African women's hockey team perform their national anthem?

<p>A sports match against Wales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a lyre?

A lyre is an ancient stringed instrument with a soundbox and strings stretched across it.

What was music used for in ancient civilizations?

Music played a crucial role in ancient societies. It was used for entertainment, religious ceremonies, and social events.

What instruments did Egyptians use?

Ancient Egyptians crafted stringed instruments like the harp and lute, along with trumpets and flute-like instruments.

What instruments did Romans use?

The Romans developed brass instruments, such as the cornu (Latin for horn), often made from bronze. These instruments were used for festivals and military events.

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What was Greek music theory based on?

The Greeks defined music as tones, melodies (horizontal lines), and harmonies (vertical lines), developing systems for writing down music using symbols for different tones.

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What was the hydraulis?

The hydraulis, a keyboard instrument, was invented by Ctesibius. It worked by using air pressure to create sound in pipes.

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How did the ancient world write down music?

Music notation involved using specific symbols to represent musical notes and instructions. The Delphic hymn tablet shows one example of such notation.

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What were some key instruments used in ancient civilizations?

Ancient societies used a wide variety of instruments, including stringed, brass, wind, and keyboard instruments. These instruments were employed in diverse settings from religious ceremonies to social events.

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What is a yidaki?

The yidaki, also known as the didgeridoo, is a traditional Aboriginal Australian instrument made from a hollowed-out eucalyptus branch.

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When was the yidaki invented?

It's believed that the yidaki was created by First Nations Australians over 2,000 years ago, as evidenced by cave art.

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How do you play the yidaki?

Playing the yidaki involves placing your lips against a wax seal and vibrating them while breathing through your nose.

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What is the yidaki traditionally used for?

The yidaki can be used to accompany songs, dances, and sacred rituals in Aboriginal culture.

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What instruments are often played with the yidaki?

The yidaki is often played in conjunction with other traditional instruments like the clapsticks, bull-roarer, seed rattle, and drum.

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What band is known for their use of the yidaki in their music?

The Yothu Yindi band is famous for their fusion of traditional First Nations instruments, including the yidaki, with Western rock-and-roll.

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Who is a famous yidaki player?

Mark Atkins, a renowned yidaki master, has collaborated with musicians worldwide, including Jimmy Page and Philip Glass.

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What are some health benefits of playing the yidaki?

Playing the yidaki can have health benefits, such as improved breathing, reduced snoring, and better sleep.

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What are aerophones?

Aerophones are musical instruments played by blowing air into or across holes in a tube, or on a reed attached to a mouthpiece.

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How do aerophones create different pitches?

The pitch of a note produced by an aerophone is determined by the length of the tube and the number of open holes.

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What is a nose flute?

The nose flute is a traditional instrument from Polynesia, played by blowing air through the nose.

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How does a harmonica work?

The harmonica is a free-reed instrument with metal reeds vibrating when air is blown across them.

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How does a clarinet work?

The clarinet is a single-reed instrument, relying on the player's mouth to make the reed vibrate and create sound.

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What is a zummara?

The zummara is a double clarinet with two parallel pipes, played by covering holes with fingers.

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What is a shawm?

The shawm is a medieval wind instrument made from a single piece of wood, the ancestor of the modern oboe.

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What is a sheng?

The sheng is a free-reed instrument from China, shaped like a phoenix and producing bird-like sounds.

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Stringed Instrument

A type of musical instrument that produces sound by vibrating stretched strings. It is often used in African music.

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Polyrhythms

A unique rhythmic pattern that combines two or more different rhythms simultaneously. Common in African music and creates complex and layered sounds.

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Griots

A group of musicians and storytellers in West Africa who keep their community's history alive. They pass down stories and traditions through songs and perform on a harp called a kora.

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Udu Clay Drum

A large, clay drum traditionally made by women in Nigeria. It is played by hand-slapping and finger tapping, and can also be used for storage.

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Timbila

A type of large wooden xylophone with broad keys, traditionally used by the Chopi tribe in Southern Mozambique. The melody is played by a main performer, and others follow with a synchronized rhythm.

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Ngoma Drums

A group of drums that are an integral part of the Bantu culture, particularly in the Ugandan Kingdom of Buganda. Each clan has its unique drumbeat, and the most important drums belong to the king.

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Bow Harp

A traditional stringed instrument found in East Africa, played by plucking strings with one hand and dampening unused strings with the other. It originated in ancient Egypt and Sumer.

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Maasai Singing

The musical style of the Maasai people in Kenya and northern Tanzania, characterized by call-and-response patterns. Men sing about bravery and hunting, while women sing about family and cattle.

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What is a pipa?

A four-stringed, pear-shaped musical instrument from China, resembling a lute.

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How is the pipa played?

The left hand moves the fingers up and down the frets, pushing, twisting, and pulling the strings, while the right hand alternates between plucking the strings forward and backward.

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Who is Liu Fang?

A famed pipa player known for her virtuosity and blend of Western and Chinese musical traditions.

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Why are fake nails used to play the pipa?

Because modern pipa strings are made of steel with nylon, which are too tough for fingernails, musicians use plastic fake nails attached with tape to pluck the strings.

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What are some key characteristics of the pipa?

The pipa typically has four strings and a short, bent neck with up to 30 frets.

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How are Chinese instruments classified?

Chinese orchestras traditionally feature bowed strings, plucked strings, woodwinds, and percussion. However, individual instruments are categorized into eight sounds based on the material they are made of, such as silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd, and hide.

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What is a dizi?

A traditional instrument from China made of a bamboo tube with a single vibrating reed, used in both folk and classical music.

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What instrument is the pipa?

The pipa is a traditional Chinese instrument with a long history, played with fake nails.

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String

A thin, flexible thread, typically made of fiber, that produces sound when vibrated.

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Resonator

A hollow part of a musical instrument that amplifies the sound of the vibrating strings.

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Neck (of an instrument)

The part of the instrument that you hold and use to adjust the pitch of the strings.

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Chordophones

Musical instruments that produce sound by vibrating strings.

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Zither

A type of chordophone with strings stretched over or inside a resonator, or between two resonators.

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Harp

A type of chordophone where strings are slanted within a frame.

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Musical Bow

A type of chordophone with strings stretched from one end of a bow to the other.

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Lyre

A type of chordophone with strings raised on a bar above the resonator.

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Who was Ziryab?

A talented 9th-century Persian musician known for his contributions to music and culture in Cordoba, Spain. He introduced new musical styles, instruments, fashion, hygiene practices, and even culinary techniques to the region.

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What does "Ziryab" mean?

Ziryab was the nickname given to Ali Ibn Nafi, meaning "Blackbird" in Arabic. It's thought to have been given to him due to the beauty and quality of his singing voice.

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What is Ziryab's "oud"?

This refers to an instrument called the oud, a pear-shaped lute with strings. Ziryab is credited with adding a fifth pair of strings to the oud, and starting the tradition of using an eagle's feather to pluck the strings.

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What did Ziryab do for fashion?

Ziryab introduced new clothing styles, including the idea of wearing different clothing for each season. He encouraged light, bright colors for summer and warm, dark colors for winter.

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What did Ziryab do for hygiene?

He introduced hygiene practices that were revolutionary at the time, such as the use of toothpaste, deodorant, and shaving.

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What is Ziryab's musical legacy?

Ziryab blended Arabic music with Spanish Gypsy music, which led to the development of the Spanish guitar (derived from the oud) and flamenco dance.

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How did Ziryab influence food practices?

Ziryab revolutionized dining etiquette in Cordoba by introducing the concept of three-course meals, with soup, main course, and dessert. This influenced the development of banqueting styles in Europe.

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What foods did Ziryab introduce?

He introduced new fruits and vegetables like asparagus, and new recipes from Baghdad. He also brought the idea of using tablecloths and glassware.

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What was Ziryab's music school?

Ziryab established one of the first music schools in Europe, which taught both men and women. This conservatory fostered new and experimental musical styles.

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What was the significance of Baghdad in Ziryab's life?

Baghdad was a center of learning and trade during the Islamic Golden Age, and it served as a vital influence on Ziryab's musical and cultural development.

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What is a gamelan?

A traditional Indonesian orchestra used in ceremonies and celebrations, often compared to moonlight and flowing water.

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What are Kendang?

The main rhythmic instrument in a gamelan orchestra, consisting of 3-4 drums of different sizes, each producing a unique sound.

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What are Gender and Saron?

Instruments that have squared metal bars arranged in a wooden frame, creating a soft, resonant sound. Saron metallophones have rounded metal bars and are struck with mallets made of wood or bone.

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Why is the gamelan considered sacred?

A Javanese legend claims the first gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru 1,800 years ago. The gamelan is sacred, and musicians must show respect by removing their shoes and avoiding stepping over the instruments.

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What is an Ostinato?

A repeated musical phrase that plays throughout a piece of music. It's a common feature in gamelan music.

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Gregorian Chant

A type of chant named after Pope Gregory I, performed by monks throughout Europe and influencing Western music.

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Ma'oz Tzur

A Jewish religious poem or piyyut sung during Hanukkah, describing the hardships of the Jewish people and the strength their religious beliefs give them.

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Royal Ancestral Rite

A ceremony at the Jongmyo Shrine in South Korea, where musicians and dancers perform to entertain the spirits of the deceased kings and queens.

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Soweto Gospel Choir

A South African choir known for performing gospel music with catchy rhythms and repeated choruses.

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Daimoku

A Japanese Buddhist chant developed by Nichiren, consisting of repeating the phrase "Namu myoho renge kyo" without musical accompaniment, demonstrating commitment to the Lotus Sutra.

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Bauls of Bengal

Traveling religious minstrels from Bangladesh and West Bengal, whose oral tradition focuses on a loving relationship with their personal god.

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Mevlevi dancers

Sufi Muslims who follow the teachings of Rumi, known for their whirling dance ceremonies (Sema) that involve song and dance.

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National Anthem

A type of song that represents a country and is played at significant public events.

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Study Notes

Ancient World Music

  • Music played a significant role in ancient civilizations, used in entertainment, religious rituals, and social celebrations.
  • Little written music from ancient times exists, but historians learn about it from paintings, pottery, and instrument discoveries.
  • Early music was found as engravings and cuneiform writing.
  • Ancient Egyptians developed early string instruments like lutes and harps, also trumpets and flutes, that were blown through the end like a recorder.
  • The lyre, a popular instrument for the Greeks and Romans, symbolized harmony with its design. It is a reconstruction of one used by the ancient Greeks and Romans; it has a spiraled body resembling a tortoise shell.
  • A 4000-year-old city of Ur, harps and bits of music were written in cuneiform.
  • Early music was found in the form of cuneiform writing in the ancient city of Ur.
  • Although little written music exists from ancient times, historians studied paintings, pottery, and instruments.
  • Music was essential for entertainment, religious rituals, and social celebrations.

Musical Instruments

  • The Romans created the cornu, a brass instrument made from bronze, used for festivals and military.
  • The bagpipe, played across the ancient world, was created by herdsmen using goat or sheepskin bags and a couple of reed pipes.
  • The hydraulis, the first keyboard instrument, used air pressure to create sound by sending air through a board from water and air.
  • Ancient Hindus used instruments made from gourds (considered the first hollow instruments) like the veena.
  • Early Chinese used bronze bells, stone slabs, and pottery flutes.
  • The shofar, made from a ram or antelope's horn, was used in Hebrew worship.
  • The veena was an important instrument for Hinduism; it is a stringed instrument, and it mentioned in Ancient Hindu scriptures.
  • Example musical instruments include the lyre, cornu, bagpipes, hydraulis, and veena.
  • Egyptians used stringed instruments like lutes and harps, and also used trumpets and flutes that were played by blowing.
  • The Seikilos epitaph is an example of ancient Greek music.
  • The "Seikilos Song" is the earliest complete musical composition. It was likely played on a lyre and wind instruments.

Music Theory and Notation

  • Ancient Greeks developed musical theory; they defined music as tones, melody (horizontal line), and harmony (vertical line), using a system of signs to notate music.
  • Pythagoras, a mathematician, used a monochord to study the relationship between notes in an octave scale.
  • The Delphic hymn tablet used symbols to represent musical notation.

Music in Different Cultures

  • Hebrews used musical instruments, like the shofar, in religious worship.
  • Ancient Hindu scriptures mentioned both classical Indian music and the veena.
  • An example of ancient music includes the "Garden Party" relief from the palace of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
  • A tablet from the ancient city of Ur (now in Iraq) c. 2000 BCE, showed music written in cuneiform.
  • Musicians from Nineveh were talented and used musical instruments.
  • The ancient Greeks worked out music theory with the horizontal lines of melody and vertical lines of harmony using a system of signs for each tone.
  • The earliest known written musical instructions on tuning a lyre were found in Ugaritic, Syria, c. 1400 BCE.
  • The ancient Egyptians had a complex system of musical notation.
  • The oldest known written music was found in Ugaritic, Syria, which included words and music instructions for tuning a lyre.

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Explore the significance of music in ancient civilizations, its use in entertainment, rituals, and celebrations. Discover the instruments crafted by ancient cultures, from the lyre of the Greeks to the hydraulis of the Romans. Learn about the enduring legacy of these musical traditions.

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