Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who decided to divide the Roman empire upon his death?
Who decided to divide the Roman empire upon his death?
What is the name of the legend that depicts the founding of Rome?
What is the name of the legend that depicts the founding of Rome?
Who was the Roman emperor whose wife took charge of political affairs in Rome?
Who was the Roman emperor whose wife took charge of political affairs in Rome?
In which battle did Octavian defeat Antony and Cleopatra?
In which battle did Octavian defeat Antony and Cleopatra?
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What is the name of the marketplace and public square that many Roman cities are built around?
What is the name of the marketplace and public square that many Roman cities are built around?
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Who led a slave rebellion?
Who led a slave rebellion?
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Who blamed the Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome?
Who blamed the Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome?
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What are paintings of Jesus, Mary, and the saints?
What are paintings of Jesus, Mary, and the saints?
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What was the Church court that dealt with people accused of heresy?
What was the Church court that dealt with people accused of heresy?
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Who became king of the Russians and was called czar?
Who became king of the Russians and was called czar?
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What was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people?
What was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people?
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Who did the pope crown as the new Roman emperor on Christmas day?
Who did the pope crown as the new Roman emperor on Christmas day?
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What was the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
What was the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
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What was the struggle to drive out the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula?
What was the struggle to drive out the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula?
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Who was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem?
Who was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem?
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What sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans?
What sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans?
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What brothers fought to bring reforms to the early Republic?
What brothers fought to bring reforms to the early Republic?
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What is the term for the intentional destruction of property?
What is the term for the intentional destruction of property?
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What legal system has been the basis of many countries' legal systems today?
What legal system has been the basis of many countries' legal systems today?
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What happened after the Battle of Adrianople?
What happened after the Battle of Adrianople?
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Who settled Rome according to legend?
Who settled Rome according to legend?
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What began with the reign of Augustus?
What began with the reign of Augustus?
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What was the name of the person who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem, triggering the Third Crusade?
What was the name of the person who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem, triggering the Third Crusade?
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What was the name of the order of men who preached, served as missionaries, and aided the poor?
What was the name of the order of men who preached, served as missionaries, and aided the poor?
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What was the name of the German monk who sparked the Reformation?
What was the name of the German monk who sparked the Reformation?
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What was the name of the council that met in Trent, Italy to address Church abuses?
What was the name of the council that met in Trent, Italy to address Church abuses?
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What was the name of the ruler who officially ran the city of Venice?
What was the name of the ruler who officially ran the city of Venice?
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What was the name of the technique used to create drama and emotion in paintings?
What was the name of the technique used to create drama and emotion in paintings?
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What was the name of the system of government in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services?
What was the name of the system of government in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services?
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What was the name of the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
What was the name of the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
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What was the name of the language used in everyday life, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German?
What was the name of the language used in everyday life, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German?
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What was the name of the decoration created by monks, featuring beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings?
What was the name of the decoration created by monks, featuring beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings?
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What was the name of the Roman emperor who began the construction of the Colosseum?
What was the name of the Roman emperor who began the construction of the Colosseum?
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What was the name of the code of laws that was created in Rome in 494 B.C.?
What was the name of the code of laws that was created in Rome in 494 B.C.?
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What was the name of the series of wars fought between Carthage and Rome?
What was the name of the series of wars fought between Carthage and Rome?
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What was the name of the empire that reached the height of its power in the 500s?
What was the name of the empire that reached the height of its power in the 500s?
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What happened to the Roman Plebians in 494 B.C.?
What happened to the Roman Plebians in 494 B.C.?
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What was the name of the capital city that was formally called Constantinople?
What was the name of the capital city that was formally called Constantinople?
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Who blamed Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome?
Who blamed Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome?
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What are paintings of Jesus, Mary, and the saints?
What are paintings of Jesus, Mary, and the saints?
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What was the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy?
What was the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy?
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Who became king of the Russians and was called czar?
Who became king of the Russians and was called czar?
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What was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people?
What was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people?
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Who did the pope crown as the new Roman emperor on Christmas day?
Who did the pope crown as the new Roman emperor on Christmas day?
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What was the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
What was the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
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What was the struggle to drive out the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula?
What was the struggle to drive out the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula?
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Who was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem?
Who was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem?
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What sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans?
What sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans?
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What did the Roman Plebians do in 494 B.C.?
What did the Roman Plebians do in 494 B.C.?
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What was the result of the Battle of Adrianople?
What was the result of the Battle of Adrianople?
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Who was the Roman Emperor who began the construction of the Colosseum?
Who was the Roman Emperor who began the construction of the Colosseum?
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Which empire reached the height of its power in the 500s?
Which empire reached the height of its power in the 500s?
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What is the name of the code of laws created in Rome in 494 B.C.?
What is the name of the code of laws created in Rome in 494 B.C.?
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What was the series of wars fought between Carthage and Rome?
What was the series of wars fought between Carthage and Rome?
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What is the name of the system of government in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services?
What is the name of the system of government in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services?
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What was the birthplace of the Renaissance?
What was the birthplace of the Renaissance?
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Who was the German monk who sparked the Reformation?
Who was the German monk who sparked the Reformation?
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What was the name of the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy?
What was the name of the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy?
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Who became king of the Russians and was called czar?
Who became king of the Russians and was called czar?
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What was the name of the decoration created by monks, featuring beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings?
What was the name of the decoration created by monks, featuring beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings?
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What was the name of the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
What was the name of the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
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Who was the ruler who officially ran the city of Venice?
Who was the ruler who officially ran the city of Venice?
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What was the name of the technique used to create drama and emotion in paintings?
What was the name of the technique used to create drama and emotion in paintings?
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What was the name of the struggle to drive out the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula?
What was the name of the struggle to drive out the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula?
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What is the name of the emperor who began the construction of the Colosseum?
What is the name of the emperor who began the construction of the Colosseum?
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What is the series of wars fought between Carthage and Rome?
What is the series of wars fought between Carthage and Rome?
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What is the name of the code of laws that was created in Rome in 494 B.C.?
What is the name of the code of laws that was created in Rome in 494 B.C.?
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What happened to the Roman Plebians in 494 B.C.?
What happened to the Roman Plebians in 494 B.C.?
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What empire reached the height of its power in the 500s?
What empire reached the height of its power in the 500s?
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What was the capital city that was formally called Constantinople?
What was the capital city that was formally called Constantinople?
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What was the term used to describe the king of the Russians?
What was the term used to describe the king of the Russians?
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What was the name of the general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem?
What was the name of the general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem?
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What was the name of the court that dealt with people accused of heresy?
What was the name of the court that dealt with people accused of heresy?
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Who was the German monk who sparked the Reformation?
Who was the German monk who sparked the Reformation?
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What was the name of the system of government in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services?
What was the name of the system of government in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services?
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What was the name of the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
What was the name of the plague that spread from Asia to Europe?
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What was the name of the language used in everyday life, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German?
What was the name of the language used in everyday life, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German?
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What was the name of the decoration created by monks, featuring beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings?
What was the name of the decoration created by monks, featuring beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings?
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Who was the ruler of Venice who officially ran the city, but a council of wealthy merchants passed the laws?
Who was the ruler of Venice who officially ran the city, but a council of wealthy merchants passed the laws?
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What was the name of the council that met in Trent, Italy to address Church abuses?
What was the name of the council that met in Trent, Italy to address Church abuses?
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Study Notes
Roman Empire and Republic
- The Gracchus brothers fought to bring reforms to the early Republic.
- Vandalism means the intentional destruction of property.
- Theodosius decided to divide the Roman Empire upon his death.
- After the Battle of Adrianople, more Germanic tribes attacked Rome.
- Justinian Code has been the basis of many countries' legal systems today.
- Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.
- A forum is a marketplace and public square that many Roman cities are built around.
- A long era of peace and prosperity began with the reign of Augustus.
- Emperor Vespasian began the construction of the Colosseum.
- The legend of Aeneid, written by Virgil, depicts the founding of Rome.
- Spartacus was the gladiator who led a slave rebellion.
- According to legend, Remus and Romulus settled Rome.
- In 494 B.C., Roman Plebians went on strike to protest for equal rights.
- Rome's first code of laws was called the Twelve Tables.
- Septimius was the Roman emperor whose wife, Julia Domna, took charge of political affairs in Rome while he was off fighting battles.
- The Huns warred with the Visigoths.
- Carthage and Rome fought in the Punic Wars.
- The Byzantine Empire reached the height of its power in the 500s.
- The capital city Constantinople was formally called Byzantium.
- Nero blamed the Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome and outlawed Christianity.
Early Christianity and Church
- Icons are paintings of Jesus, Mary (the mother of Jesus), and the saints, or Christian holy people.
- Friars were men in the new religious orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans who preached, served as missionaries, and aided the poor.
- The Great Schism was a dispute that deeply divided the Church and even three church leaders claimed to be the rightful pope.
- Ivan III became king of the Russians and was called czar, which means "emperor."
- The Inquisition was the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy, and those who refused to ask for forgiveness were sometimes executed.
Middle Ages
- Feudalism was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services.
- On Christmas day, the pope crowned Charlemagne and declared him the new Roman emperor.
- William, the Duke of Normandy in France, along with his Norman soldiers, defeated Harold Godwinson and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings.
- Saladin was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem, which triggered the Third Crusade.
- Illuminations were manuscripts decorated with beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings, created by monks.
Late Middle Ages and Renaissance
- The Black Death was a plague that spread from Asia to Europe and was probably bubonic plague.
- Vernacular refers to the use of everyday language, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German, in everyday life.
- The Reconquista was the struggle in which the Christians drove out the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Clovis became king of the Franks and fifteen years later, became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholic Christianity.
- Fjords are narrow inlets to the sea in Scandinavia.
- Ghettos were separate neighborhoods where Jews were often forced to live.
- Knights followed Chivalry, a system, spirit, or customs of a certain group.
Renaissance and Reformation
- The Renaissance sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans, with European scholars improving their understanding of the civilizations' languages and writings.
- Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance.
- Mercenaries were full-time soldiers who fought in an army for money, and Italy's states used their wealth to hire them.
- Martin Luther was the German monk who wanted to reform the wealthy and powerful Catholic Church, which is why these events are called the Reformation.
- Indulgences were certificates that granted a pardon for a person's sins, which the Catholic Church offered to sinners.
Arts and Culture
- William Shakespeare was the greatest English playwright, or author of plays, who wrote about people's strengths, weaknesses, and emotions, and wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies.
- In Venice, the Doge was the ruler who officially ran the city, but a council of wealthy merchants passed the laws.
- Diplomacy was developed by Italians to deal with neighboring states.
- Johannes Gutenberg was the German printer who developed a printing press, which held individual carved letters that could be arranged to form words and then be used again.
- Chiaroscuro is a technique that used light and shadows, which created drama and emotion.
- Frescoes were paintings done in churches all over Italy using fresh wet plaster with watercolor paint.
Catholic Reforms and Protestantism
- The Council of Trent, which met in Trent, Italy between 1545 and 1563, ended many Church abuses, known as the Catholic Reforms.
- Tomás de Torquemada was the head of the Spanish Inquisition, who executed 2,000 Spaniards, and even the pope could not stop him.
- Catherine de' Medici ruled for her son because 10-year-old Charles was too young to rule.
- Calvinism was John Calvin's main idea that God decides the final outcome of all events in the universe, and this belief is called predestination.
- Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, was King Henry VIII's daughter, who arrested Protestants who opposed her, and more than 300 were burned at the stake.
Roman Empire and Republic
- The Gracchus brothers fought to bring reforms to the early Republic.
- Vandalism means the intentional destruction of property.
- Theodosius decided to divide the Roman Empire upon his death.
- After the Battle of Adrianople, more Germanic tribes attacked Rome.
- Justinian Code has been the basis of many countries' legal systems today.
- Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.
- A forum is a marketplace and public square that many Roman cities are built around.
- A long era of peace and prosperity began with the reign of Augustus.
- Emperor Vespasian began the construction of the Colosseum.
- The legend of Aeneid, written by Virgil, depicts the founding of Rome.
- Spartacus was the gladiator who led a slave rebellion.
- According to legend, Remus and Romulus settled Rome.
- In 494 B.C., Roman Plebians went on strike to protest for equal rights.
- Rome's first code of laws was called the Twelve Tables.
- Septimius was the Roman emperor whose wife, Julia Domna, took charge of political affairs in Rome while he was off fighting battles.
- The Huns warred with the Visigoths.
- Carthage and Rome fought in the Punic Wars.
- The Byzantine Empire reached the height of its power in the 500s.
- The capital city Constantinople was formally called Byzantium.
- Nero blamed the Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome and outlawed Christianity.
Early Christianity and Church
- Icons are paintings of Jesus, Mary (the mother of Jesus), and the saints, or Christian holy people.
- Friars were men in the new religious orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans who preached, served as missionaries, and aided the poor.
- The Great Schism was a dispute that deeply divided the Church and even three church leaders claimed to be the rightful pope.
- Ivan III became king of the Russians and was called czar, which means "emperor."
- The Inquisition was the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy, and those who refused to ask for forgiveness were sometimes executed.
Middle Ages
- Feudalism was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services.
- On Christmas day, the pope crowned Charlemagne and declared him the new Roman emperor.
- William, the Duke of Normandy in France, along with his Norman soldiers, defeated Harold Godwinson and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings.
- Saladin was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem, which triggered the Third Crusade.
- Illuminations were manuscripts decorated with beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings, created by monks.
Late Middle Ages and Renaissance
- The Black Death was a plague that spread from Asia to Europe and was probably bubonic plague.
- Vernacular refers to the use of everyday language, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German, in everyday life.
- The Reconquista was the struggle in which the Christians drove out the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Clovis became king of the Franks and fifteen years later, became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholic Christianity.
- Fjords are narrow inlets to the sea in Scandinavia.
- Ghettos were separate neighborhoods where Jews were often forced to live.
- Knights followed Chivalry, a system, spirit, or customs of a certain group.
Renaissance and Reformation
- The Renaissance sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans, with European scholars improving their understanding of the civilizations' languages and writings.
- Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance.
- Mercenaries were full-time soldiers who fought in an army for money, and Italy's states used their wealth to hire them.
- Martin Luther was the German monk who wanted to reform the wealthy and powerful Catholic Church, which is why these events are called the Reformation.
- Indulgences were certificates that granted a pardon for a person's sins, which the Catholic Church offered to sinners.
Arts and Culture
- William Shakespeare was the greatest English playwright, or author of plays, who wrote about people's strengths, weaknesses, and emotions, and wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies.
- In Venice, the Doge was the ruler who officially ran the city, but a council of wealthy merchants passed the laws.
- Diplomacy was developed by Italians to deal with neighboring states.
- Johannes Gutenberg was the German printer who developed a printing press, which held individual carved letters that could be arranged to form words and then be used again.
- Chiaroscuro is a technique that used light and shadows, which created drama and emotion.
- Frescoes were paintings done in churches all over Italy using fresh wet plaster with watercolor paint.
Catholic Reforms and Protestantism
- The Council of Trent, which met in Trent, Italy between 1545 and 1563, ended many Church abuses, known as the Catholic Reforms.
- Tomás de Torquemada was the head of the Spanish Inquisition, who executed 2,000 Spaniards, and even the pope could not stop him.
- Catherine de' Medici ruled for her son because 10-year-old Charles was too young to rule.
- Calvinism was John Calvin's main idea that God decides the final outcome of all events in the universe, and this belief is called predestination.
- Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, was King Henry VIII's daughter, who arrested Protestants who opposed her, and more than 300 were burned at the stake.
Roman Empire and Republic
- The Gracchus brothers fought to bring reforms to the early Republic.
- Vandalism means the intentional destruction of property.
- Theodosius decided to divide the Roman Empire upon his death.
- After the Battle of Adrianople, more Germanic tribes attacked Rome.
- Justinian Code has been the basis of many countries' legal systems today.
- Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.
- A forum is a marketplace and public square that many Roman cities are built around.
- A long era of peace and prosperity began with the reign of Augustus.
- Emperor Vespasian began the construction of the Colosseum.
- The legend of Aeneid, written by Virgil, depicts the founding of Rome.
- Spartacus was the gladiator who led a slave rebellion.
- According to legend, Remus and Romulus settled Rome.
- In 494 B.C., Roman Plebians went on strike to protest for equal rights.
- Rome's first code of laws was called the Twelve Tables.
- Septimius was the Roman emperor whose wife, Julia Domna, took charge of political affairs in Rome while he was off fighting battles.
- The Huns warred with the Visigoths.
- Carthage and Rome fought in the Punic Wars.
- The Byzantine Empire reached the height of its power in the 500s.
- The capital city Constantinople was formally called Byzantium.
- Nero blamed the Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome and outlawed Christianity.
Early Christianity and Church
- Icons are paintings of Jesus, Mary (the mother of Jesus), and the saints, or Christian holy people.
- Friars were men in the new religious orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans who preached, served as missionaries, and aided the poor.
- The Great Schism was a dispute that deeply divided the Church and even three church leaders claimed to be the rightful pope.
- Ivan III became king of the Russians and was called czar, which means "emperor."
- The Inquisition was the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy, and those who refused to ask for forgiveness were sometimes executed.
Middle Ages
- Feudalism was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services.
- On Christmas day, the pope crowned Charlemagne and declared him the new Roman emperor.
- William, the Duke of Normandy in France, along with his Norman soldiers, defeated Harold Godwinson and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings.
- Saladin was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem, which triggered the Third Crusade.
- Illuminations were manuscripts decorated with beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings, created by monks.
Late Middle Ages and Renaissance
- The Black Death was a plague that spread from Asia to Europe and was probably bubonic plague.
- Vernacular refers to the use of everyday language, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German, in everyday life.
- The Reconquista was the struggle in which the Christians drove out the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Clovis became king of the Franks and fifteen years later, became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholic Christianity.
- Fjords are narrow inlets to the sea in Scandinavia.
- Ghettos were separate neighborhoods where Jews were often forced to live.
- Knights followed Chivalry, a system, spirit, or customs of a certain group.
Renaissance and Reformation
- The Renaissance sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans, with European scholars improving their understanding of the civilizations' languages and writings.
- Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance.
- Mercenaries were full-time soldiers who fought in an army for money, and Italy's states used their wealth to hire them.
- Martin Luther was the German monk who wanted to reform the wealthy and powerful Catholic Church, which is why these events are called the Reformation.
- Indulgences were certificates that granted a pardon for a person's sins, which the Catholic Church offered to sinners.
Arts and Culture
- William Shakespeare was the greatest English playwright, or author of plays, who wrote about people's strengths, weaknesses, and emotions, and wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies.
- In Venice, the Doge was the ruler who officially ran the city, but a council of wealthy merchants passed the laws.
- Diplomacy was developed by Italians to deal with neighboring states.
- Johannes Gutenberg was the German printer who developed a printing press, which held individual carved letters that could be arranged to form words and then be used again.
- Chiaroscuro is a technique that used light and shadows, which created drama and emotion.
- Frescoes were paintings done in churches all over Italy using fresh wet plaster with watercolor paint.
Catholic Reforms and Protestantism
- The Council of Trent, which met in Trent, Italy between 1545 and 1563, ended many Church abuses, known as the Catholic Reforms.
- Tomás de Torquemada was the head of the Spanish Inquisition, who executed 2,000 Spaniards, and even the pope could not stop him.
- Catherine de' Medici ruled for her son because 10-year-old Charles was too young to rule.
- Calvinism was John Calvin's main idea that God decides the final outcome of all events in the universe, and this belief is called predestination.
- Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, was King Henry VIII's daughter, who arrested Protestants who opposed her, and more than 300 were burned at the stake.
Roman Empire and Republic
- The Gracchus brothers fought to bring reforms to the early Republic.
- Vandalism means the intentional destruction of property.
- Theodosius decided to divide the Roman Empire upon his death.
- After the Battle of Adrianople, more Germanic tribes attacked Rome.
- Justinian Code has been the basis of many countries' legal systems today.
- Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.
- A forum is a marketplace and public square that many Roman cities are built around.
- A long era of peace and prosperity began with the reign of Augustus.
- Emperor Vespasian began the construction of the Colosseum.
- The legend of Aeneid, written by Virgil, depicts the founding of Rome.
- Spartacus was the gladiator who led a slave rebellion.
- According to legend, Remus and Romulus settled Rome.
- In 494 B.C., Roman Plebians went on strike to protest for equal rights.
- Rome's first code of laws was called the Twelve Tables.
- Septimius was the Roman emperor whose wife, Julia Domna, took charge of political affairs in Rome while he was off fighting battles.
- The Huns warred with the Visigoths.
- Carthage and Rome fought in the Punic Wars.
- The Byzantine Empire reached the height of its power in the 500s.
- The capital city Constantinople was formally called Byzantium.
- Nero blamed the Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome and outlawed Christianity.
Early Christianity and Church
- Icons are paintings of Jesus, Mary (the mother of Jesus), and the saints, or Christian holy people.
- Friars were men in the new religious orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans who preached, served as missionaries, and aided the poor.
- The Great Schism was a dispute that deeply divided the Church and even three church leaders claimed to be the rightful pope.
- Ivan III became king of the Russians and was called czar, which means "emperor."
- The Inquisition was the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy, and those who refused to ask for forgiveness were sometimes executed.
Middle Ages
- Feudalism was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services.
- On Christmas day, the pope crowned Charlemagne and declared him the new Roman emperor.
- William, the Duke of Normandy in France, along with his Norman soldiers, defeated Harold Godwinson and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings.
- Saladin was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem, which triggered the Third Crusade.
- Illuminations were manuscripts decorated with beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings, created by monks.
Late Middle Ages and Renaissance
- The Black Death was a plague that spread from Asia to Europe and was probably bubonic plague.
- Vernacular refers to the use of everyday language, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German, in everyday life.
- The Reconquista was the struggle in which the Christians drove out the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Clovis became king of the Franks and fifteen years later, became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholic Christianity.
- Fjords are narrow inlets to the sea in Scandinavia.
- Ghettos were separate neighborhoods where Jews were often forced to live.
- Knights followed Chivalry, a system, spirit, or customs of a certain group.
Renaissance and Reformation
- The Renaissance sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans, with European scholars improving their understanding of the civilizations' languages and writings.
- Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance.
- Mercenaries were full-time soldiers who fought in an army for money, and Italy's states used their wealth to hire them.
- Martin Luther was the German monk who wanted to reform the wealthy and powerful Catholic Church, which is why these events are called the Reformation.
- Indulgences were certificates that granted a pardon for a person's sins, which the Catholic Church offered to sinners.
Arts and Culture
- William Shakespeare was the greatest English playwright, or author of plays, who wrote about people's strengths, weaknesses, and emotions, and wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies.
- In Venice, the Doge was the ruler who officially ran the city, but a council of wealthy merchants passed the laws.
- Diplomacy was developed by Italians to deal with neighboring states.
- Johannes Gutenberg was the German printer who developed a printing press, which held individual carved letters that could be arranged to form words and then be used again.
- Chiaroscuro is a technique that used light and shadows, which created drama and emotion.
- Frescoes were paintings done in churches all over Italy using fresh wet plaster with watercolor paint.
Catholic Reforms and Protestantism
- The Council of Trent, which met in Trent, Italy between 1545 and 1563, ended many Church abuses, known as the Catholic Reforms.
- Tomás de Torquemada was the head of the Spanish Inquisition, who executed 2,000 Spaniards, and even the pope could not stop him.
- Catherine de' Medici ruled for her son because 10-year-old Charles was too young to rule.
- Calvinism was John Calvin's main idea that God decides the final outcome of all events in the universe, and this belief is called predestination.
- Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, was King Henry VIII's daughter, who arrested Protestants who opposed her, and more than 300 were burned at the stake.
Roman Empire and Republic
- The Gracchus brothers fought to bring reforms to the early Republic.
- Vandalism means the intentional destruction of property.
- Theodosius decided to divide the Roman Empire upon his death.
- After the Battle of Adrianople, more Germanic tribes attacked Rome.
- Justinian Code has been the basis of many countries' legal systems today.
- Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.
- A forum is a marketplace and public square that many Roman cities are built around.
- A long era of peace and prosperity began with the reign of Augustus.
- Emperor Vespasian began the construction of the Colosseum.
- The legend of Aeneid, written by Virgil, depicts the founding of Rome.
- Spartacus was the gladiator who led a slave rebellion.
- According to legend, Remus and Romulus settled Rome.
- In 494 B.C., Roman Plebians went on strike to protest for equal rights.
- Rome's first code of laws was called the Twelve Tables.
- Septimius was the Roman emperor whose wife, Julia Domna, took charge of political affairs in Rome while he was off fighting battles.
- The Huns warred with the Visigoths.
- Carthage and Rome fought in the Punic Wars.
- The Byzantine Empire reached the height of its power in the 500s.
- The capital city Constantinople was formally called Byzantium.
- Nero blamed the Christians for a fire that burned down most of Rome and outlawed Christianity.
Early Christianity and Church
- Icons are paintings of Jesus, Mary (the mother of Jesus), and the saints, or Christian holy people.
- Friars were men in the new religious orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans who preached, served as missionaries, and aided the poor.
- The Great Schism was a dispute that deeply divided the Church and even three church leaders claimed to be the rightful pope.
- Ivan III became king of the Russians and was called czar, which means "emperor."
- The Inquisition was the Church court that questioned and dealt with people accused of heresy, and those who refused to ask for forgiveness were sometimes executed.
Middle Ages
- Feudalism was the political and social order in which nobles governed and protected people in return for services.
- On Christmas day, the pope crowned Charlemagne and declared him the new Roman emperor.
- William, the Duke of Normandy in France, along with his Norman soldiers, defeated Harold Godwinson and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings.
- Saladin was the brilliant general who led the Muslims in recapturing Jerusalem, which triggered the Third Crusade.
- Illuminations were manuscripts decorated with beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings, created by monks.
Late Middle Ages and Renaissance
- The Black Death was a plague that spread from Asia to Europe and was probably bubonic plague.
- Vernacular refers to the use of everyday language, including early versions of English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German, in everyday life.
- The Reconquista was the struggle in which the Christians drove out the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Clovis became king of the Franks and fifteen years later, became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholic Christianity.
- Fjords are narrow inlets to the sea in Scandinavia.
- Ghettos were separate neighborhoods where Jews were often forced to live.
- Knights followed Chivalry, a system, spirit, or customs of a certain group.
Renaissance and Reformation
- The Renaissance sparked a renewed interest in ancient Greeks and Romans, with European scholars improving their understanding of the civilizations' languages and writings.
- Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance.
- Mercenaries were full-time soldiers who fought in an army for money, and Italy's states used their wealth to hire them.
- Martin Luther was the German monk who wanted to reform the wealthy and powerful Catholic Church, which is why these events are called the Reformation.
- Indulgences were certificates that granted a pardon for a person's sins, which the Catholic Church offered to sinners.
Arts and Culture
- William Shakespeare was the greatest English playwright, or author of plays, who wrote about people's strengths, weaknesses, and emotions, and wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies.
- In Venice, the Doge was the ruler who officially ran the city, but a council of wealthy merchants passed the laws.
- Diplomacy was developed by Italians to deal with neighboring states.
- Johannes Gutenberg was the German printer who developed a printing press, which held individual carved letters that could be arranged to form words and then be used again.
- Chiaroscuro is a technique that used light and shadows, which created drama and emotion.
- Frescoes were paintings done in churches all over Italy using fresh wet plaster with watercolor paint.
Catholic Reforms and Protestantism
- The Council of Trent, which met in Trent, Italy between 1545 and 1563, ended many Church abuses, known as the Catholic Reforms.
- Tomás de Torquemada was the head of the Spanish Inquisition, who executed 2,000 Spaniards, and even the pope could not stop him.
- Catherine de' Medici ruled for her son because 10-year-old Charles was too young to rule.
- Calvinism was John Calvin's main idea that God decides the final outcome of all events in the universe, and this belief is called predestination.
- Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, was King Henry VIII's daughter, who arrested Protestants who opposed her, and more than 300 were burned at the stake.
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Test your knowledge of ancient Roman history, from the Gracchus brothers to the Justinian Code. Explore the battles, emperors, and legal systems that shaped the Roman Empire.
