Ancient Near East Civilizations

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the Phoenicians' primary contribution to the ancient world?

  • Large-scale agricultural production and trade.
  • Cultural transmission and mercantile activities. (correct)
  • Religious reform and monotheistic ideology.
  • Military conquest and territorial expansion.

What was a significant consequence of the sack of Jerusalem in Hebrew history?

  • A period of captivity in Babylon. (correct)
  • The establishment of a new, more powerful Hebrew kingdom.
  • The immediate conversion of the Hebrew people to Zoroastrianism.
  • The beginning of a long era of peaceful coexistence with neighboring empires.

What does the Exodus represent in Hebrew history and tradition?

  • The Hebrews' migration from Mesopotamia to Egypt.
  • The establishment of a monarchy under King Saul.
  • The construction of the first temple in Jerusalem.
  • The Hebrews' departure from Egypt. (correct)

Which emperor expanded the Persian Empire by conquering Egypt?

<p>Cambyses II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor in the Assyrians' success in conquering Mesopotamia?

<p>A well-organized army with advanced weaponry and tactics, combined with the use of fear. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cyrus the Great most known for?

<p>His founding of the Persian Empire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Torah?

<p>The holy scriptures of the Hebrews. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the Hebrew concept of humans and their purpose?

<p>Humans are created in the image of God, with a purpose to live in relationship with God and follow His plan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Hebrew Bible, who led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt?

<p>Moses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following empires conquered the Assyrians, only to be conquered themselves about 50 years later?

<p>The Babylonian Kingdom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary religion of the Persian Empire?

<p>Zoroastrianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Hebrew king is celebrated for his musical talent and is credited with composing many of the Psalms?

<p>David (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Darius, the 'Great King' of Persia, best known for, excluding the Greek Mainland?

<p>Creating an effective administrative system and expanding the Empire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?

<p>The Pharos Lighthouse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Hebrew laws differ from Hammurabi’s Code?

<p>Hebrew laws focus on mercy for the poor, while Hammurabi’s Code favors strict punishments in favor of the higher class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key similarity between Hebrew laws and Hammurabi's Code?

<p>Both include the principle of 'an eye for an eye' justice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did ancient law codes generally influence Western thought?

<p>By providing concepts of justice, equality before the law, and moral responsibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes modern legal systems from ancient law codes like Hammurabi's Code?

<p>Fairness and defense of the vulnerable are more common in today's laws. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Indo-European migrations?

<p>A movement originating in the Black Sea region that led to conquests across Western Asia, India, the Mediterranean, and Europe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Hebrews, what did God establish with Abraham?

<p>A covenant, solidifying Abraham as the patriarch of the Hebrews. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leader's conquests resulted in an empire larger than the Persian Empire?

<p>Alexander the Great (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first king of the united kingdom of Israel?

<p>Saul (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Babylonian captivity on Hebrew identity and culture?

<p>It fostered a period of reflection and strengthened commitment to their religious and cultural heritage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were the Phoenicians particularly important in the ancient Mediterranean world?

<p>They were traders and helped spread culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Zoroastrianism and its influence during the Persian Empire?

<p>It justified the Persian rulers' claim to divine right and promoted ethical behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phoenicians

Semitic people known for trade and spreading culture.

Saul

The first king of the united kingdom of Israel.

Sack of Jerusalem & Babylonian Captivity

A key event: Jerusalem was captured, leading to exile in Babylon.

The Exodus

The Hebrews' departure from slavery in Egypt, led by Moses.

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Cambyses

Persian emperor who conquered Egypt.

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Persian Empire

Largest Near East empire until Alexander the Great's conquests.

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Abraham

Father/patriarch of the Hebrews; God made a covenant with him.

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Indo-Europeans

Migrated from Black Sea, conquered lands in Asia and Europe.

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Assyrian Conquest Methods

Advanced military, well-organized army, fear tactics.

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Cyrus the Great

Founder of the Persian Empire.

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Torah

The holy scriptures of the Hebrews.

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Hebrew Concept of Man

Humans reflect God, purpose is to serve God & live morally.

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Moses

God sent him to lead the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt.

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Babylonian Kingdom

Defeated Assyrians, later conquered by Persians.

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Zoroastrianism

Main religion of Persia.

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King David

Israel's greatest king, known for music and Psalms.

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Darius

King of Persia; moved capital, expanded Empire, good administrator.

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Pharos Lighthouse

One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

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Hebrew Laws

Focuses on mercy; Hammurabi's is stricter.

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Ancient Law Codes Influence

Justice, equality before law, moral responsibility.

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Study Notes

  • The Phoenicians, a Semitic people, were significant merchants and cultural transmitters.
  • Saul was the first king of the united kingdom of Israel.
  • The sack of Jerusalem and subsequent captivity in Babylon is a key episode in Hebrew history.
  • The Exodus is the term for the Hebrews' departure from Egypt.
  • Cambyses invaded Egypt, incorporating it into the Persian Empire.
  • The Persian Empire was the largest in the Near East until Alexander the Great conquered it.
  • God made a covenant with Abraham, the patriarch of the Hebrews.
  • Indo-Europeans migrated from the Black Sea region, conquering areas in Western Asia, India, the Mediterranean, and Europe.
  • The Assyrians conquered Mesopotamia using an advanced military, a well-organized army with powerful weapons, and fear tactics, including brutal punishments.
  • Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire.
  • The Torah contains the holy scriptures of the Hebrews.
  • The Hebrew concept of man includes creation in God's image, providing humans with value and purpose, which is to live in relationship with God, serve him, and follow his plan. God requires Hebrews to follow his laws, worship only him, and live morally.
  • Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt, freeing them from slavery.
  • The Babylonian kingdom defeated the Assyrians, but the Persians defeated the Babylonians about 50 years later.
  • Zoroastrianism was the main religion of Persia.
  • King David, Israel's greatest king, was known for his musical talent and for composing many of the Hebrew Psalms.
  • The Persian "Great King," Darius, expanded the Empire, moved the capital, and created an administration system, but did not conquer the Greek Mainland.
  • The Pharos Lighthouse was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.
  • Hebrew laws prioritize mercy for the poor while Hammurabi’s Code favors strict punishments for the lower classes. Both codes have laws to guide behavior and punishments equivalent to the crime committed.
  • Ancient law codes influenced Western thought by introducing ideas of justice, equality before the law, and moral responsibility. Aspects like "an eye for an eye" and laws governing social behavior persist in contemporary legal systems, with fairness and protection of the vulnerable being more prevalent today.

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