Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumer and Akkad

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Questions and Answers

Sargon's reign is characterized by what primary objective?

  • Territorial expansion beyond Akkad. (correct)
  • Focusing solely on developing Akkad's infrastructure.
  • Establishing trade routes with distant civilizations.
  • Maintaining peaceful relations with Sumer.

The Akkadians and Sumerians, despite living in proximity, had no interactions or cultural exchange.

False (B)

What was a key defensive strategy employed by city-states such as Kish around 3500 B.C.?

Building strong walls and armies

______ led UR and fought for dominance and control.

<p>Gilgamesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figure with their associated kingdom:

<p>Sargon = Akkad Gilgamesh = UR Akkadians = North of Sumer Kish = Powerful city-state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the rise of Sumerian city-states?

<p>The development of advanced farming techniques supporting a growing population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sumerian society was primarily rural, with limited urban development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between a Sumerian city and its surrounding countryside within a city-state.

<p>The city served as the center of governance, culture, and trade, while the countryside provided agricultural resources and labor that sustained the city.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2000 B.C., Sumerian city-states like Ur and Uruk had grown to include populations of up to ________ residents.

<p>100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of a Sumerian city-state with their corresponding function or characteristic:

<p>City = Center of governance, trade, and culture Countryside = Provides agricultural resources and labor Land = Source of agricultural productivity and wealth Military Strength = Ensures security and control over territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sargon's empire was characterized by which of the following features?

<p>A land with diverse territories and peoples under unified governance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sargon's empire expanded to encompass the entire world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the collapse of Sargon's empire?

<p>Internal rebellions and external invasions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sargon's empire united different territories and peoples under a single ______.

<p>rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their description related to Sargon's reign:

<p>Defeated Sumerian city states = Consolidated power across Southern Mesopotamia Conquered Northern Mesopotamia = Expanded territorial control. Empire lasted one century = Relatively short-lived period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Sumerian society, how did people typically interact with their gods?

<p>By relying on priests to perform religious ceremonies and intercede on their behalf. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sumerian city-states each had a specific god or goddess that was considered their protector.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sumerians practiced __________, which is the worship of many gods.

<p>polytheism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides performing religious ceremonies, what other role did priests play in Sumerian society regarding the gods?

<p>intermediaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Sumerian deities with their associated domains:

<p>Enlil = Lord of the air Enki = Lord of wisdom Inanna = Goddess of love and war Utu &amp; Nanna = Sun and moon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary basis upon which the King of Sumer claimed his right to rule?

<p>Divine selection by the gods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Sumerian society, women held equal political power to men.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides religious duties, what other significant role did priests fulfill in the Sumerian social hierarchy?

<p>Social ranking or class distinctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides grains or gold, farmers also ______ and exchanged goods in Sumerian society.

<p>traveled</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles with their contributions to Sumerian society:

<p>King = Claimed divine right to rule Priests = Held social rank/class distinctions Farmers = Produced grains or gold Slaves = Supplied stones, lumber, copper, and silver</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary role of women in ancient society, besides caring for the home and children?

<p>Serving as priestesses in religious practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All women in ancient society had access to education.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the first known female writer in history, known for writing hymns to goddesses?

<p>Enheduanna</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enheduanna, who wrote hymns to goddesses, was the daughter of __________.

<p>Sargon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each role listed with its corresponding description:

<p>Upper Class Women = Received education and engaged in intellectual pursuits. Priestesses = Played significant roles in religious ceremonies and practices. Enheduanna = Authored hymns dedicated to goddesses, marking her as the world's first known female writer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic was most crucial in the development and sustainment of early city-states?

<p>Strong military defenses, including thick walls. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary role of priests in early city-states was solely to perform religious ceremonies, with no influence on political matters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the concept of 'divine right' or 'chosen by the gods' legitimized the power of rulers in ancient city-states.

<p>Rulers used the idea of divine selection to prevent dissent and maintain power, claiming their authority came directly from the gods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The worship of multiple gods, a common practice in early city-states, is known as ______.

<p>polytheism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their correct chronological order. Use each answer only once.

<p>Sumerian City-States Develop = First Villages Form = Before Sumerian City-States Develop Akkad is Built = Third Akkadian Empire Forms = Last</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sumer

Ancient region in Southern Mesopotamia, known as Sumer.

Sumerians

The people who created the first civilization in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC.

Rural

An area outside of the main city.

Urban Areas in Sumer

Cities in Sumer with populations that grew significantly, some reaching around 100,000 residents.

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City-State

A city and the surrounding countryside it controlled, forming an independent political unit.

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Polytheism

Worship of multiple gods

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Enlil

A Sumerian god who was considered the 'Lord of the air'.

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Enki

A Sumerian god who was considered the 'Lord of wisdom'.

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Inanna

A Sumerian goddess of love and war.

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Priests

Individuals who performed religious ceremonies and were intermediaries with the gods.

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Sargon of Akkad

Sargon built Akkad as his new capital city and expanded Akkadian territory around 2300 B.C.

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Akkadians

The Akkadians lived north of Sumer and spoke a distinct language, coexisting peacefully.

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Kish

A powerful Sumerian City by 3500 B.C. that had strong walls and armies to conquer more farmland.

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Gilgamesh of Ur

King of Ur who fought for dominance and control in the region.

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Akkad

A capital city established by Sargon around 2300 BC.

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Sumerian Social Hierarchy

Sumerian society was structured into a hierarchical order.

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Sumerian King

The ruler believed to be selected by divine forces to govern.

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Sumerian Priests

These people held significant religious and social influence.

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Sumerian Craftspeople

Skilled workers who produced goods and services.

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Sumerian Farmers

Individuals who cultivate land and produce crops.

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Sargon's Conquests

A series of wars led to the defeat of Sumerian city-states and the conquest of Northern Mesopotamia, uniting the region.

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Empire

A land with different territories and peoples under a single rule, often established through warfare.

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Sargon's Empire Extent

Sargon's empire stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.

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Sargon's Empire Duration

The empire lasted for approximately a century, but began to decline after about 50 years.

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Sumerian Resurgence

After the decline of Sargon's empire, they regained power.

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Women's Role in Mesopotamia

In ancient Mesopotamia, women were primarily responsible for household duties and childcare.

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Education for Upper-Class Women

Some upper-class women in Mesopotamia received formal education.

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Women as Priestesses

Women served as priestesses in Mesopotamian religion.

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Enheduanna

Enheduanna, Sargon's daughter, is the first known female writer in history, known for her hymns.

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What is a city-state?

An independent city that governs itself, often with surrounding territories.

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What is polytheism?

The belief in or worship of multiple gods.

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Who were priests?

Individuals who were believed to communicate with gods and hold significant influence in society.

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What is the order of Mesopotamian events?

A chronological sequence of key events in early Mesopotamian history.

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What was the Akkadian Empire?

The first empire in Mesopotamia, uniting several city-states under one rule.

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