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Questions and Answers
Who performed the first successful abdominal operation to remove a cyst from an ovary?
What significant innovation is J. Marion Sims known for in the medical field?
Which of the following gases was discovered but not initially applied to medical practice?
Who suggested the use of nitrous oxide gas in surgery but was ignored?
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Which scientist is known for formulating the germ theory of disease?
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What year did Wilhelm Roentgen discover x-ray films?
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What disease did Major Walter Reed help to eradicate?
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Who is considered the father of chemotherapy?
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What is one of the primary benefits of using lasers in medical procedures?
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Which technology has notably advanced the treatment and prevention of diseases in recent years?
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What aspect of health care has seen a resurgence alongside technological advancements?
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What has been a significant area of research due to the challenges presented by Alzheimer disease?
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What advantage does robotic surgery have over traditional surgery methods?
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What has biotechnology contributed to the field of health care?
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What condition has prompted significant research despite having elusive causes?
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How often does the accumulation of knowledge in technology reportedly double?
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Who is recognized as the founder of modern physiologic theory for his studies of the nervous system?
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What significant medical advancement is Edward Jenner known for?
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Which figure is known as the father of pathology and correlated anatomy with pathology?
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Who was the pioneer in the invention and use of the stethoscope?
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What did Claude Bernard discover that is fundamental to modern physiology?
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Who was notable for demonstrating the dynamics of blood circulation and stressing the importance of the capillary system?
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Which figure was instrumental in the treatment of mentally ill patients during the eighteenth century?
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Which of the following was a focus in medicine during the nineteenth century?
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What was one of Hippocrates' main contributions to medicine?
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Which of the following elements was believed by Anaximenes to be necessary for life?
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What healing practices prevailed during the Dark Ages as influenced by Christianity?
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Which ancient Greek philosopher believed that the basic element in all life was water?
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What type of rituals were common in ancient healing practices?
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What was a significant shift in medical understanding that occurred during the time of Hippocrates?
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How did Hippocrates' approach to medicine differ from previous practices?
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Which Greek philosopher is known for believing fire is the principal element of life?
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Which group is NOT identified as being especially serious in the context of emerging infections?
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What is the primary reason newly emergent infectious diseases may appear?
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What distinguishes an epidemic from a pandemic?
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Which of the following factors contributes to the reemergence of infectious diseases?
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What is one of the goals established by the CDC in response to emerging infectious diseases?
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Why is the collaboration among health care professionals and departments important for disease surveillance?
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How can human activities contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases?
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Which group is specifically mentioned as having inadequate access to health care in relation to emerging infections?
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Study Notes
Ancient Greek Medicine
- Thales (625 to 547 BC) believed water was the basic element in all animal and plant life
- Anaximander (610 to 547 BC) believed all living creatures originated in water
- Anaximenes (born 546 BC) believed air was essential for life
- Heraclitus (540 to 480 BC) believed fire was the principal element of life
- By the sixth century BC, earth, air, fire, and water were accepted as the basic components of life on earth
Hippocrates
- Hippocrates is considered the father of medicine
- He was born around 460 BC
- Hippocrates believed that medical practitioners should be pure and holy
- He established four key principles for medicine:
- observe all
- study the patient, not the disease
- evaluate honestly
- assist nature
- Hippocrates' writings addressed mental illness, anxiety, and depression
Christianity
- The rise of Christianity shifted attitudes towards medicine
- Christians focused on bringing the healing message of Christ to those in need
- The Church dominated medicine during the Dark Ages
- Practices during this time involved prayer, exorcism, holy oil, relics of saints, supernaturalism, and superstition
Eighteenth Century
- Albrecht von Haller conducted in-depth studies of the nervous system and discovered the relationship of the brain cortex to peripheral nerves
- Lazzaro Spallanzani disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and made groundbreaking contributions to experimental fertilization
- Stephen Hales demonstrated the dynamics of blood circulation, highlighting the importance of the capillary system and recording blood pressure with a manometer
- Giovanni Battista Morgagni, considered the father of pathology, linked anatomy with pathology, laying the foundation for modern pathology
- Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccination, one of the most significant medical discoveries in history
- William Hunter established the first medical school in London, the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy
- John Hunter, William's brother, revolutionized surgery, developed a method to close off aneurysms, and pioneered comparative anatomy
Nineteenth Century
- Autopsies were a key focus in medicine during the nineteenth century
- Carl Rokitansky was a prominent morphologic pathologist
- Rudolf Virchow proposed the revolutionary theory that "all cells come from other cells"
- Claude Bernard, the founder of experimental physiology, discovered the principle of homeostasis, clarified the functions of the liver, studied the digestive activities of the pancreas, and linked the pancreas to diabetes, establishing internal medicine as a specialty
- René-Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec significantly contributed to the understanding of chest diseases, including emphysema, bronchiectasis, and tuberculosis, and pioneered the use of the stethoscope
- Ephraim McDowell performed the first successful abdominal operation to remove a large ovarian cyst
- J. Marion Sims laid the foundation for gynecology and founded the first women's hospital in New York
- By 1831, ether, nitrous oxide gas, and chloroform were discovered but not yet used in medical practice
- Joseph Lister discovered that bacteria cause diseases and infections, leading to the introduction of safe surgical procedures
- Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory of disease and explained the effectiveness of asepsis and antisepsis
- Robert Koch conducted extensive research on microorganisms and founded bacteriology
- Benjamin Rush became a leading figure in psychiatry
- William Beaumont, through his work on the human gastrointestinal tract, became a prominent American physiologist
- Gregor Mendel laid the foundation for modern genetics with his experiments on plant heredity
- Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray films in 1895
- Pierre and Marie Curie discovered radium in 1898, providing the basis for the use of radioactivity in treating diseases
Twentieth Century
- Walter Reed led a US Army board that discovered the cause of yellow fever, leading to its eradication
- Paul Ehrlich became the father of chemotherapy, which had significant impact on the medical field
- Ivan Pavlov conducted extensive research on the conditioned response and the process of digestion
- Lasers became a common tool for removing growths in various procedures.
- Artificial hips and knees were developed to replace damaged joints due to age, arthritis, or injury
- Plastic surgery, used for both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures, became more widely practiced
Twenty-First Century
- The pace of knowledge accumulation in medicine accelerated at an unprecedented pace, doubling every 15 to 18 months
- The hospice movement emerged to provide end-of-life care, and family practice saw a resurgence as a specialty
- Genetic research expanded our understanding of heredity
- Research into Alzheimer's disease progressed despite the elusive cause
- HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment gained significant attention due to the global scale of the epidemic
- Biotechnology revolutionized medical treatments
- Robotic surgery emerged, allowing for more precise surgical interventions
- Emerging infections became a growing concern, especially in those with compromised immune systems
- The CDC established goals to address the threat of emerging infectious diseases:
- Detect and monitor emerging pathogens
- Integrate laboratory science and epidemiology with public health practice
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of Ancient Greek medicine, including the elemental theories proposed by pre-Socratic philosophers like Thales and Hippocrates' influential principles. Learn how these ideas shaped early medical practices and were influenced by the rise of Christianity. This quiz delves into the intersection of philosophy and medicine in ancient times.
