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The Romans were not impressed by Greek art and did not incorporate it into their own art.
The Romans were not impressed by Greek art and did not incorporate it into their own art.
False
The contrapposto is a stiff and upright standing pose.
The contrapposto is a stiff and upright standing pose.
False
UNESCO World Heritage Sites are designated for their natural beauty only.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites are designated for their natural beauty only.
False
The influence of Greek art on Roman art is a minor aspect of artistic development in ancient times.
The influence of Greek art on Roman art is a minor aspect of artistic development in ancient times.
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The Romans encountered Greek culture through war only.
The Romans encountered Greek culture through war only.
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Vocabulary review is not necessary to understand this chapter.
Vocabulary review is not necessary to understand this chapter.
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UNESCO World Heritage Sites have no legal protection.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites have no legal protection.
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The Romans were not influenced by Greek artistic styles and techniques.
The Romans were not influenced by Greek artistic styles and techniques.
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The UNESCO is responsible for designating historical and cultural sites as World Heritage Sites.
The UNESCO is responsible for designating historical and cultural sites as World Heritage Sites.
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Heroic nudity is a concept used in modern art to depict everyday people.
Heroic nudity is a concept used in modern art to depict everyday people.
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The Roman Republic was established in 146 BCE.
The Roman Republic was established in 146 BCE.
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Julius Caesar was the first Emperor of Rome.
Julius Caesar was the first Emperor of Rome.
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The Roman Empire reached its height under emperors like Augustus, Trajan, and Napoleon.
The Roman Empire reached its height under emperors like Augustus, Trajan, and Napoleon.
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The Western Roman Empire fell in 1453 CE.
The Western Roman Empire fell in 1453 CE.
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Ancient Rome underwent significant historical and cultural developments that shaped its growth and eventual dominance.
Ancient Rome underwent significant historical and cultural developments that shaped its growth and eventual dominance.
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The Punic Wars were fought against Greece.
The Punic Wars were fought against Greece.
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The Roman Empire expanded its territories through peaceful negotiations.
The Roman Empire expanded its territories through peaceful negotiations.
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Augustus Caesar was a military leader who rose to prominence during the Roman Republic.
Augustus Caesar was a military leader who rose to prominence during the Roman Republic.
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The Roman Empire declined gradually, with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 1453 AD.
The Roman Empire declined gradually, with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 1453 AD.
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The Romans added their own engineering innovations to Greek architectural orders.
The Romans added their own engineering innovations to Greek architectural orders.
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Roman sculptures were heavily influenced by Etruscan poses and drapery styles.
Roman sculptures were heavily influenced by Etruscan poses and drapery styles.
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Greek literature and philosophy had a significant impact on Roman culture.
Greek literature and philosophy had a significant impact on Roman culture.
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Roman art was solely influenced by Greek art, with no innovations of its own.
Roman art was solely influenced by Greek art, with no innovations of its own.
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The Romans adopted only two Greek architectural orders, Doric and Ionic.
The Romans adopted only two Greek architectural orders, Doric and Ionic.
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Mosaics and frescos were used exclusively in public spaces in ancient Rome.
Mosaics and frescos were used exclusively in public spaces in ancient Rome.
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The Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, fell in 476 AD.
The Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, fell in 476 AD.
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The Romans brought Greek works of art to Rome solely as spoils of war.
The Romans brought Greek works of art to Rome solely as spoils of war.
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Architectural orders originated in ancient Rome.
Architectural orders originated in ancient Rome.
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The Doric order originated in eastern Greece.
The Doric order originated in eastern Greece.
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The Ionic order is characterized by short and heavy columns.
The Ionic order is characterized by short and heavy columns.
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The Corinthian order is the simplest of the Greek orders.
The Corinthian order is the simplest of the Greek orders.
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The Tuscan order originated in ancient Greece.
The Tuscan order originated in ancient Greece.
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The Composite order is a combination of the Doric and Ionic orders.
The Composite order is a combination of the Doric and Ionic orders.
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Acanthus leaves are a typical feature of Doric capitals.
Acanthus leaves are a typical feature of Doric capitals.
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The Romans did not develop the use of sculpted acanthus leaves.
The Romans did not develop the use of sculpted acanthus leaves.
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The Temple of Concordia is an example of the Ionic order.
The Temple of Concordia is an example of the Ionic order.
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The Pantheon in Rome is an example of the Ionic order.
The Pantheon in Rome is an example of the Ionic order.
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The Arch of Titus is an example of the Corinthian order.
The Arch of Titus is an example of the Corinthian order.
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The Romans only used Acanthus decoration in Renaissance architecture.
The Romans only used Acanthus decoration in Renaissance architecture.
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The Parthenon was destroyed only once in its entire history.
The Parthenon was destroyed only once in its entire history.
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Augustus was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar and was not named in his will as his adopted son.
Augustus was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar and was not named in his will as his adopted son.
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The Romans did not use Acanthus decoration in their architecture.
The Romans did not use Acanthus decoration in their architecture.
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The Roman Pantheon was rebuilt repeatedly as a result of war and conquest.
The Roman Pantheon was rebuilt repeatedly as a result of war and conquest.
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The Parthenon was originally a Christian cathedral.
The Parthenon was originally a Christian cathedral.
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The Acanthus decoration was only used in Gothic architecture.
The Acanthus decoration was only used in Gothic architecture.
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The Romans converted the Parthenon into a Christian cathedral.
The Romans converted the Parthenon into a Christian cathedral.
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The goal of the reconstruction of the Parthenon is to return it to its appearance in the Roman Classical period.
The goal of the reconstruction of the Parthenon is to return it to its appearance in the Roman Classical period.
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The Pantheon was damaged and rebuilt over and over throughout its life.
The Pantheon was damaged and rebuilt over and over throughout its life.
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The Parthenon was built in the center of Athens.
The Parthenon was built in the center of Athens.
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Roman temples were primarily used for religious purposes only.
Roman temples were primarily used for religious purposes only.
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The Pantheon is built on a raised pedestal in a 4:9 ratio.
The Pantheon is built on a raised pedestal in a 4:9 ratio.
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The Greeks perfected the recipe for concrete.
The Greeks perfected the recipe for concrete.
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The Pantheon is mostly constructed of limestone and marble.
The Pantheon is mostly constructed of limestone and marble.
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The dome of the Pantheon was the largest one built until modern times.
The dome of the Pantheon was the largest one built until modern times.
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Greek temples were built on streets at ground level.
Greek temples were built on streets at ground level.
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The Pantheon has columns on all sides of the building.
The Pantheon has columns on all sides of the building.
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The construction of large domes did not exist in ancient Rome.
The construction of large domes did not exist in ancient Rome.
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The Pantheon is dedicated to Athena, the patron of Athens.
The Pantheon is dedicated to Athena, the patron of Athens.
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The Romans perfected the recipe for cement and built the largest dome, the Pantheon, using ancient Roman techniques.
The Romans perfected the recipe for cement and built the largest dome, the Pantheon, using ancient Roman techniques.
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Greek statues often depicted idealized forms with a focus on the perfect proportions of the human body.
Greek statues often depicted idealized forms with a focus on the perfect proportions of the human body.
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Greek temples typically had pitched roofs covered with marble slabs.
Greek temples typically had pitched roofs covered with marble slabs.
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Roman temples often featured fluted columns that were free-standing.
Roman temples often featured fluted columns that were free-standing.
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Roman statues often featured transparent drapery that clung to the contours of the body.
Roman statues often featured transparent drapery that clung to the contours of the body.
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The design and structure of Greek temples was more complex and ornate than Roman temples.
The design and structure of Greek temples was more complex and ornate than Roman temples.
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Roman statues were often intended for outdoor public spaces.
Roman statues were often intended for outdoor public spaces.
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The Spear Bearer is a Roman marble copy of a Greek bronze statue.
The Spear Bearer is a Roman marble copy of a Greek bronze statue.
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Roman statues more frequently depicted mythological figures and gods.
Roman statues more frequently depicted mythological figures and gods.
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The Romans made significant innovations to Greek architectural orders.
The Romans made significant innovations to Greek architectural orders.
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The original bronze statue of The Spear Bearer is attributed to Polykleitos.
The original bronze statue of The Spear Bearer is attributed to Polykleitos.
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Greek statues often featured a wider range of body types and ages.
Greek statues often featured a wider range of body types and ages.
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Roman temples were less decorative and had fewer sculptures than Greek temples.
Roman temples were less decorative and had fewer sculptures than Greek temples.
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The Pantheon's dome was the largest built until the Renaissance.
The Pantheon's dome was the largest built until the Renaissance.
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Roman statues were solely used as decorative features in public buildings.
Roman statues were solely used as decorative features in public buildings.
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Greek art had no influence on Roman art.
Greek art had no influence on Roman art.
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Roman art was heavily influenced by Etruscan styles and techniques.
Roman art was heavily influenced by Etruscan styles and techniques.
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Greek literature and philosophy had no significant impact on Roman culture.
Greek literature and philosophy had no significant impact on Roman culture.
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The contrapposto pose is a stiff and upright standing pose.
The contrapposto pose is a stiff and upright standing pose.
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Roman statues often depicted figures with idealized, athletic physiques.
Roman statues often depicted figures with idealized, athletic physiques.
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In Greek art, old, disabled, or ugly nudes were commonly depicted.
In Greek art, old, disabled, or ugly nudes were commonly depicted.
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The statue of Augustus of Prima Porta is an example of a heroic nude.
The statue of Augustus of Prima Porta is an example of a heroic nude.
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Roman mosaics often featured representations of gods.
Roman mosaics often featured representations of gods.
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Roman art was more realistic than Greek art.
Roman art was more realistic than Greek art.
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Women were commonly depicted as nude goddesses in earlier Greek art.
Women were commonly depicted as nude goddesses in earlier Greek art.
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Ancient mosaic artists used precious stones for their tesserae.
Ancient mosaic artists used precious stones for their tesserae.
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Wall mosaics were more common than floor mosaics in ancient Rome.
Wall mosaics were more common than floor mosaics in ancient Rome.
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The contrapposto pose was characteristic of Roman art.
The contrapposto pose was characteristic of Roman art.
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Heroic nudity is a concept used in modern art to depict everyday people.
Heroic nudity is a concept used in modern art to depict everyday people.
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Christian imagery was never depicted on Roman mosaics.
Christian imagery was never depicted on Roman mosaics.
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Augustus of Prima Porta is depicted as a young military leader.
Augustus of Prima Porta is depicted as a young military leader.
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Ancient mosaic artists used a single material for their tesserae.
Ancient mosaic artists used a single material for their tesserae.
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Mosaics were used exclusively for decorative purposes.
Mosaics were used exclusively for decorative purposes.
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Greek art was not influential in Roman art.
Greek art was not influential in Roman art.
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Il Dorìforo is an example of a heroic nude.
Il Dorìforo is an example of a heroic nude.
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Tesserae were always left in their natural colors.
Tesserae were always left in their natural colors.
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The statue of Augustus of Prima Porta is a work of great art and political propaganda.
The statue of Augustus of Prima Porta is a work of great art and political propaganda.
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Ancient mosaic artists created their designs on the surface before placing the tesserae.
Ancient mosaic artists created their designs on the surface before placing the tesserae.
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The gaps between tesserae were left unfilled.
The gaps between tesserae were left unfilled.
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Ancient mosaic art was unique to Roman civilization.
Ancient mosaic art was unique to Roman civilization.
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The Villa Romana del Casale is a famous Roman villa located in the town of Piazza Armerina, in Greece.
The Villa Romana del Casale is a famous Roman villa located in the town of Piazza Armerina, in Greece.
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The mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale were created using a combination of stone, glass, and ceramic materials.
The mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale were created using a combination of stone, glass, and ceramic materials.
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The Great Hunt mosaic and the Bikini Girls mosaic are two of the most famous mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale.
The Great Hunt mosaic and the Bikini Girls mosaic are two of the most famous mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale.
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The owner of the Villa Romana del Casale was known to be a wealthy merchant who made his fortune trading exotic animals.
The owner of the Villa Romana del Casale was known to be a wealthy merchant who made his fortune trading exotic animals.
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The mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale were created using a simple adhesive made from water and sand.
The mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale were created using a simple adhesive made from water and sand.
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The Villa Romana del Casale is famous for its vast collection of Roman frescoes.
The Villa Romana del Casale is famous for its vast collection of Roman frescoes.
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The Bikini Girls mosaic depicts young women engaged in various athletic activities while wearing ancient Roman tunics.
The Bikini Girls mosaic depicts young women engaged in various athletic activities while wearing ancient Roman tunics.
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The Villa Romana del Casale provides insight into the daily life and culture of the ancient Roman lower class.
The Villa Romana del Casale provides insight into the daily life and culture of the ancient Roman lower class.
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The Villa Romana del Casale is a small villa that covers a limited area.
The Villa Romana del Casale is a small villa that covers a limited area.
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The mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale were created by a single artist who worked alone.
The mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale were created by a single artist who worked alone.
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Study Notes
L'influenza dell'arte greca sull'arte romana
- The Romans admired Greek art and adopted many Greek artistic styles and techniques
- Greek architectural orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) were used in Roman architecture
- Roman sculptures replicated Greek poses, drapery styles, and attention to anatomical accuracy
- Greek geometric and ornamental patterns were used in Roman mosaics and frescoes
- Greek literature and philosophy had a profound impact on Roman culture, influencing artistic themes and concepts
Architectural Orders
- Doric Order: originated in Greece, characterized by short and heavy columns with simple capitals, no base in early examples
- Ionic Order: originated in eastern Greece, characterized by slender fluted columns with more elaborate capitals and the "volute" scroll ornament
- Corinthian Order: originated in Greece, characterized by narrowest fluted columns with elaborate capitals including the acanthus leaf
- Tuscan Order: developed in Rome, characterized by a plain design, non-fluted columns, and simple capitals
- Composite Order: developed in Rome, based on the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian
Acanthus Leaves
- Ancient Greeks used acanthus leaves sparingly, while Romans fully developed their use
- Acanthus leaves are an identifying feature of Corinthian and Composite capitals
- Romans elaborated the leaves by curling them and using them liberally for grand buildings
Historical and Political Changes in Ancient Rome
- Monarchy to Republic: Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic around 509 BCE, marking a shift in governance
- Expansion and Conquest: Rome expanded its territories through conquest, leading to the acquisition of territories around the Mediterranean
- Julius Caesar and the End of the Republic: Julius Caesar's rise to power marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire
- Roman Empire: The Roman Empire reached its height under emperors like Augustus, Trajan, and Hadrian, expanding territories, constructing infrastructure, and spreading Roman culture and law
- Decline and Fall: The Roman Empire faced internal strife, economic issues, and invasions from barbarian tribes, leading to its gradual decline and eventual fall
Comparison of Greek and Roman Temples
- Greek temples were built on hills overlooking cities, while Roman temples were built in the center of cities
- Greek temples were primarily used for religious purposes, while Roman temples served a dual purpose as places of worship and political/administrative centers
- Greek temples had a raised pedestal, steps on all sides, and columns on all sides, while Roman temples were rounded with an attached portico entrance and columns only on the portico.### Architecture
- The Parthenon is built on a raised platform with a 4:9 ratio and has steps on all sides, allowing it to be approached from all directions.
- The Pantheon is a circular building with a portico entrance and is largely at street level with few steps.
- The Parthenon has columns on all sides, while the Pantheon has columns only on the portico.
Materials
- The primary materials used in the Parthenon are limestone and marble with some use of iron for strength.
- The Romans perfected the recipe for concrete and used it extensively in the Pantheon, along with brick and marble.
Columns
- The Parthenon is built with simple Doric columns.
- Roman temples, like the Pantheon, often used the Corinthian order and featured fluted columns that were engaged, meaning they were partly built into the structure.
Roofs
- Greek temples typically had pitched roofs covered with terracotta tiles or marble slabs, with sculptures on the pediments.
- Roman temples had a variety of roofing styles, including pitched roofs and barrel vaults, and sometimes used concrete and brick construction.
General Characteristics
- Greek temples were simpler and purer in design and structure, constructed in the post-and-lintel way.
- Roman temples were more decorative and adorned with sculptures, reliefs, and intricate detailing, often featuring engaged columns and pilasters.
Sculpture
- Greek statues often depicted gods, goddesses, and heroes, while Roman statues more frequently depicted historical figures, emperors, and prominent citizens.
- Greek statues typically emphasized idealized forms, with a focus on the perfect proportions of the human body.
- Roman statues often emphasized realism and individuality, portraying the subject with unique features and expressions.
- Greek statues frequently featured flowing, transparent drapery, while Roman statues often featured heavy, voluminous drapery.
Mosaics
- Mosaics are pictures or patterns produced by arranging together small colored pieces of hard material, such as stone, tile, or glass.
- Roman mosaics typically feature animal sacrifices, domestic scenes, or geometric patterns, while Christian imagery also appears on some Roman mosaics.
- Floor mosaics were often more abstract than wall mosaics and seldom contained representations of gods.
- Ancient mosaic artists used a variety of materials, including stone, ceramic, glass, shells, and precious metals, and created an adhesive mixture to adhere the tesserae to the substrate.### The Roman Villa Owner
- The identity of the villa owner has been debated by scholars, with various hypotheses proposed
- Some believe the owner may have been an imperial figure, possibly Maxentius, based on military insignia and mosaic dating
The "Bikini Girls" Mosaic
- The mosaic depicts young women engaging in athletic activities, wearing early forms of bikinis
- This artwork has sparked interest due to its representation of ancient Roman fashion and female sports
- The mosaic is located in Piazza Armerina, Sicily
Other Examples of Roman Mosaics
- Pompeii and Herculeum, Campania
- Santa Costanza, Rome
- Paestum, Salerno, Campania (Greek Temples and Ruins)
- Valley of the Temples, Agrigento, Sicily
- Velia Archaeological Site, Campania
- Greek Theater, Syracuse, Sicily
- Amphitheatre (Greek with Roman additions), Taormina, Sicily
- The Roman Forum and Colosseum, Rome (Roman Temples and Ruins)
- Ostia Antica, Ostia
- Pompeii and Herculeum, Campania
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Description
Explore the significant influence of Greek art on Roman art in ancient times, including the incorporation of styles, techniques, and motifs. Learn about the artistic development in ancient Greece and Rome.
