Ancient Egypt (c. 3500 BC - 340 BC)

The Ancient Egypt (c. 3500 BC - 340 BC)

• Egyptians loved life and looked down upon non-Egyptians
• They regarded life in ancient Egypt as perfect
• They believed their afterlife was an eternal continuation of life on Earth
• Slaves were war prisoners, criminals, or those in debt
• Pyramid construction workers were compensated and became masters of their craft
• Tombs were considered a person's eternal home.
• Interior design can be traced back to ancient Egyptians decorating with basic furniture, animal skins, textiles, sculptures, urns, and murals.
• Rich Egyptians used gold ornaments to showcase their wealth.
• Folding chairs were used so they could accompany the Pharaoh
• Politics: Pharaoh, priests, military, farmers, slaves.
• Religion: Belief in afterlife, many gods, nature worship.
• Architecture: Single-story, flat-roofed brick and mud houses.
• Developed surveying and stone quarrying.
• Built pyramids, temples, and obelisks.
• Moveable furniture
• The 'Safari-chair'
• 'Taburett' (stool)
• Obelisk’ design
• Keramics

Ancient Greece (c. 1100 BC - 146 BC)

• Greeks were inspired by Egyptians
• Modernized cities with grid systems for aqueducts and sewage
• Each city had an Acropolis (high center with palaces and temples), surrounded by residences and a city wall.
• Nekropol (burial site) was outside the city wall.
• Segregated residential and commercial areas
• Built public squares, amphitheaters, and temples.
• Originated Greek alphabet with design principle 'form follows function'
• Influential writers, philosophers, and artists shaped society.
• Parallels were drawn between the female body and architecture in ancient Greece.
• The Ionic column represents women and has a spiral-shaped capital.
• Karyatids (female statues) used as pillars.
• Doric columns represent men, are plain, and have fluted columns.
• Corinthian columns represent wealth with acanthus leaf decorations.
• Men and women wore chitons (draped fabric)
• Men's chitons were shorter and ended above the knee.
• Politics consisted of the upper, middle, under and slave class.
• Religion: Belief in the present, gods in human form.
• Houses were planned around a courtyard with stone columns
• Functional rooms for food storage, cooking, sleeping, crafts, etc.
• Doric style buildings
• Caraya sculptures
• Influence on future epochs included the Renaissance, Barock, Neo-classicism and Modernism periods
• Amphora was used for different purposes
• Vasmålningar: Vase paintings
• 'Klismos' chair
• Small tables placed under the couch
• Statue Busts
• Greek key/meander pattern
• Nature stones and marble
• Garlands
• Competitions, such as the Olympic games
• Hero sagas and mythology

The Roman Empire (c. 146 BC - 476 AD)

• Romans invented the heating system, abacus, and news publications
• Folding chair adopted from Egyptians and Greeks.
• Rome's golden age began with Romulus
• Pompeii was preserved by volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
• Preserved buildings included shops, dining places, public buildings, villas, townhouses, and homes.
• There were no toilets or plumbing
• Inner city areas were over populated.
• Poor hygiene led to public fountains and water to clean themselves.
• Poor construction caused collapses and cramped living conditions.
• Emperor Nereo widened streets and built balconies for safety enhancements
• Lower levels of houses were comfortable
• Upper levels were cramped and with no windows
• The upper levels also had no running water
• Public bathhouses were built in every Roman town
• Bathhouses had pools of different temperatures
• Upper class lived in 'Domus' in the city and 'Villas' in the countryside with a central hall, bedrooms, dining room ('triclinium'), and study around the atrium.
• Greek architecture was meant to be viewed from the outside
• Roman architecture focused on interior spaces
• Romans used arches, vaults and domes
• Cement made from limestone, mortar, gravel, and sand enabled softer forms/shapes
• Julius Caesar was a military, statesman, writer, imperator, and dictator.
• Etruscan architecture was introduced
• Built aqueducts, temples, forums, bridges, Roman baths, arches, and domes.
• The Pantheon in Rome was built
• Roads were built straight in grids
• The Colosseum held 85,000 spectators
• Vetti-house
• Trompe d’oeil-painting
• Frescomåleri: Fresco painting
• General statue Busts
• Atrium
• Triklinium: Triclinium
• Marble
• Curule-stolar
• Lectus-sofas

The Byzantine Empire (c. 330 - 1453 AD)

• The Byzantine Empire was previously known as the Eastern Roman Empire.
• Emperor Constantine moved the capital to Bysans and named it Nova Roma in the 330s.
• Constantine was the first Roman emperor to embrace Christianity freely
• The West fell in 476 AD
• The west was invaded and destroyed
• The Eastern became the Byzantine Empire
• Capital city, Constantinople
• Blend of Greek, Roman, and Eastern styles.
• Ivory workers combined Christian figures with grape and animal patterns.
• The folding chair was practical for travel.
• the colour blue was the Empress colour
• Justinianus I- Roman dictator
• Senatorlagar: Senate Laws
• Christianity came from Emperor Constantine
• Eastern architecture
• Created Romance architecture
• Hagia Sofia
• The cross and circles were a theme
• Glorified motifs
• Utilised gold and the colour blue

The Middle Ages in England and Europa (c. 401 AD - 1400 AD)

• Was coined by the Renaissance man
• Was considered to be barbaric and heroic
• Romans left England in 410 AD leaving buildings built in brick, stone, clay and mortar.
• Saxon's came from northern Germany in the 300s
• They sought after the land for argriculture
• Agriculture began to develop
• The Saxons were not interested in the Roman culture heritage
• London Houses
• The crusades strengthened national identities and unified kingdoms to weaken the Pope's power in Europe.
• Food was eaten with hands and hunting knives and scraps were thrown on the floor.
• The plague took many livs
• Livestock were on the bottom floor.
• The first floor had a larger room to sleep in.
• There was a fireplace to offer light.
• Halmbäddar: straw beds
• Furntiure was bare
• Solid oak and storage chests
• Ornate walls and ceilings
• Nine tenths of the population made their income from agriculture
• The Catholic church shaped the way of life
• Churches and Palaces were made from wood
• Layouts changed from multiple focus areas worship to one on the eastern end.
• Romanik architecture was introduced
• Stained glass windows were introduced
• Gotisk arkitektur included rib vaults, latin crosses etc.
• The victorian era and arts and crafts moments were influenced by this period
• Heavy velvet curtains
• Tapestries
• Slate
• Trunk
• Extendable bed
• Sawhorse table
• Benches

The Renaissance in Italy, 1420 - 1530

• Divided into two stages: Early Renaissance (Florence, 1420-1520) and High Renaissance (Rome, 1500-1530).
• Classical antiquity was revived
• Florence was a learning center
• The Medici family were influential during this time
• Galileo Galilei had a controversial worldview for his time
• Technical knowledge was acquired with realism and returned interest of classic antiques
• Francesco Petarca was a researcher and poet
• Gustavoo Vasa was the king of Sweden
• Lagerkransar: laurel wreaths
• Savonarola-stole: Savonarola chair
• With the help of the printing press new knowledge
• Trade increased and social class broke away
• Florence, Venice, Milan, and Naples states with Machiavelli being a diplomat
• Renaissance man were interested in the human body by using oil paint
• They depicted realistic in human form
• Proportion in architecture would relate to the proportion of humans
• Roman and Greek influence
• Tapestries and sculptures were introduced in homes
• Marmor sculptures represented wealth
• Cassonis or wedding chests were common
• Furniture was built in wood, walnut and ivory inlaid with gold and stones
• Karyatider: Carayatids
• Brons: Bronze figures
• Sgabello: Sgabello chair

The Barocken Period, 1580 - 1750

• It was not popular until the 1800s as it was considered to be too sensational and theatrical
• The word barocque was referred to as an irregular pearl
• Louis XIV was known as the sun king
• He created a hierachical society with strict etiquette that expected from his members
• Stateliness and court ballets and dancing were encouraged
• André Le Nótre developed the symmetrical baroque garden
• An over decorated style with vertical spiralled carved furniture.
• Was popular in south Europe from 1620-1630.
• Tavleramer. Picture frames
• Walnut furniture was used
• Borgerliga hemmen: Bourgeois homes
• Louis IV was praised and the church played a minor role in the period.
• Charles Lebrun was a Barock painter
• dramatic asymmetric effects.
• Buildings were ordered by the church to showcase wealth
• Empirical Style
• les Gobelins. Les gobelins
• Ceilings and walls were decorated with myts
• Stor skaligt: Large Scales
• Pressat och färgat monster i relief: Pressed and dyed monster in relief
• Kineseri möbler: Chinese furniture

The Rococo Period, Europe, 1700s - 1799 (France).

• Is derived from French word Rocaille
• Meant to be playful
• Louis XV was not as strong as his father so he took advice from his mistress
• The court moved from Versailles
• Women were in more power and dictated social behaviour.
• The architecture needed to encourage a certain way of living.
• In rococos traditional layout it emphasized intimacy, asymmetry and a more floating arrangement.
• There was a significant change in both private and public spaces.
• Rococo's love for details and ornaments can be seen in modern furniture design
• Rococo's pastel colours have also inspired much modern design
• There was a shift to comfort
• Asymmetrie: assymetry
• Blomster: floral motifs
• Atektonik: Atektonik
• keruberer: Cherubs

Concept Board

• It shows style, feeling and materials
• It is an idea that has come from a specific object
• Can be a visual tool to show ideas such as design, texture materials
• Photos and illustrations that represent the core
• A specific colour palette
• Proves of relevant design or material
• Type font
• Planskiss: Floor Plans
• Concept statement
• Layout should be visual and easy to follow
• Säljande text: Selling text
• Pin board. Pin board