Ancient Civilizations

Ancient Civilizations

• Mesopotamia (3500 BCE - 539 BCE):
  • Invention of writing (cuneiform)
  • Development of cities (Ur, Babylon)
  • Creation of laws (Code of Hammurabi)
• Ancient Egypt (3100 BCE - 30 BCE):
  • Pyramids and mummification
  • Hieroglyphics and papyrus
  • Pharaonic dynasties
• Ancient Greece (8th century BCE - 146 CE):
  • City-states (Athens, Sparta)
  • Philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
  • Democracy and theater
• Ancient Rome (8th century BCE - 476 CE):
  • Republic and empire
  • Law and governance
  • Architecture and engineering

Medieval Period

• Early Middle Ages (500 - 1000 CE):
  • Fall of the Roman Empire
  • Rise of Christianity
  • Feudalism and chivalry
• High Middle Ages (1000 - 1300 CE):
  • Crusades and trade
  • Universities and scholasticism
  • Gothic architecture
• Late Middle Ages (1300 - 1500 CE):
  • Black Death and plague
  • Hundred Years' War
  • Renaissance humanism

Early Modern Period

• Renaissance (1400 - 1600 CE):
  • Revival of classical learning
  • Art and literature (Leonardo, Michelangelo)
  • Exploration and discovery
• Reformation and Wars of Religion (1500 - 1650 CE):
  • Protestantism and Catholicism
  • Thirty Years' War
  • Rise of nation-states
• Enlightenment and Revolution (1650 - 1800 CE):
  • Scientific revolution
  • Enlightenment thinkers (Locke, Rousseau)
  • American and French Revolutions

Modern Period

• Industrialization and Imperialism (1800 - 1914 CE):
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Colonialism and empire-building
  • Nationalism and militarism
• World War I and Interwar Period (1914 - 1945 CE):
  • World War I and its causes
  • Rise of fascist and communist regimes
  • World War II and its aftermath
• Cold War and Contemporary Era (1945 CE - present):
  • Bipolar world order
  • Decolonization and globalization
  • Contemporary issues and challenges

Ancient Civilizations

• Mesopotamia (3500 BCE - 539 BCE) developed writing (cuneiform), cities (Ur, Babylon), and laws (Code of Hammurabi).
• Ancient Egypt (3100 BCE - 30 BCE) built pyramids, practiced mummification, used hieroglyphics and papyrus, and had Pharaonic dynasties.
• Ancient Greece (8th century BCE - 146 CE) had city-states (Athens, Sparta), philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), democracy, and theater.
• Ancient Rome (8th century BCE - 476 CE) was a republic and empire, developed law and governance, and achieved architectural and engineering feats.

Medieval Period

Early Middle Ages (500 - 1000 CE)

• The Roman Empire fell, Christianity rose, and feudalism and chivalry emerged.

High Middle Ages (1000 - 1300 CE)

• The Crusades and trade flourished, universities and scholasticism emerged, and Gothic architecture developed.

Late Middle Ages (1300 - 1500 CE)

• The Black Death and plague occurred, the Hundred Years' War was fought, and Renaissance humanism emerged.

Early Modern Period

Renaissance (1400 - 1600 CE)

• Classical learning was revived, art and literature flourished (Leonardo, Michelangelo), and exploration and discovery accelerated.

Reformation and Wars of Religion (1500 - 1650 CE)

• Protestantism and Catholicism conflicted, the Thirty Years' War was fought, and nation-states rose.

Enlightenment and Revolution (1650 - 1800 CE)

• The scientific revolution occurred, Enlightenment thinkers (Locke, Rousseau) emerged, and the American and French Revolutions took place.

Modern Period

Industrialization and Imperialism (1800 - 1914 CE)

• The Industrial Revolution happened, colonialism and empire-building accelerated, and nationalism and militarism grew.

World War I and Interwar Period (1914 - 1945 CE)

• World War I was fought, fascist and communist regimes rose, and World War II and its aftermath occurred.

Cold War and Contemporary Era (1945 CE - present)

• The bipolar world order emerged, decolonization and globalization accelerated, and contemporary issues and challenges arose.