Ancient Civilizations & Early America
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Questions and Answers

Match each ancient civilization with its primary geographical location:

Olmecs = Mesoamerica (present-day Mexico and Central America) Mayans = Yucatán Peninsula Aztecs = Present-day Mexico Incas = Peru, Andes Mountains

Match the innovation or characteristic with the civilization most closely associated with it:

Hieroglyphic writing and calendar system = Mayans Massive stone head sculptures = Olmecs Floating gardens (chinampas) = Aztecs City of Cuzco = Incas

Match the following terms with their descriptions related to the early inhabitants of the Americas:

Beringia = Land bridge connecting Asia and North America Paleo-Indians = First inhabitants of North America, nomadic hunters and gatherers Chiefdom = A form of government where a leader rules directly over a community Tenochtitlan = Capital city of the Aztec Empire

Match the civilization with the staple crops that were vital to their agricultural practices:

<p>Olmecs = Corn, beans, and squash Mayans = Corn Aztecs = Corn and beans Incas = Potatoes and quinoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the city with its significance in ancient American history:

<p>Teotihuacan = Powerful city-state near Mexico City with a population of 100,000 Cuzco = Capital city of the Incan Empire, located in the Andes Mountains Tenochtitlan = Capital city of the Aztec Empire, built on an island Palenque = A notable Mayan city-state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic with the civilization it best describes:

<p>Human sacrifice as part of religious practice = Aztecs Construction of stone terraces for agriculture = Incas Development of a complex writing system = Mayans Early forms of monumental architecture = Olmecs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the empire with its form of governance or social structure:

<p>Aztec Empire = Regional control over smaller tribes Incan Empire = Centralized government with a capital in Cuzco Mayan civilization = City-states with kings and a hierarchical structure Teotihuacan = Chiefdom government with a unique religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the correct period or event relating to early American settlement:

<p>Beringia = Land bridge used by early peoples to migrate to North America Paleo-Indian Period = The era when the first nomadic hunters inhabited North America. Agricultural Revolution = Shift towards farming, leading to permanent settlements such as the Olmecs. Ice Age = The period during which the Beringia land bridge was accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic with the correct group involved in the Salem Witch Trials:

<p>Accused Women = Often viewed as disagreeable by the community. Accusers from Salem Village = Tended to target residents of Salem Town. Executed Individuals = Included both men and women, though women were the majority. Overall Accused = Included approximately 200 individuals by the end of the trials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the outcome to its correct description during the Salem Witch Trials:

<p>Executions by Hanging = The primary method of execution, resulting in 19 deaths. Death by Pressing = One man was subjected to this method, resulting in his death. Jailing = 156 of the accused were subjected to this outcome. Overall Guilty Verdicts = 19 people were found guilty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each potential cause of the Salem Witch Trials with its description:

<p>Anxiety about Failing the Experiment = Refers to the Puritans' fear that their societal model was not succeeding. Growing Secularization = Increasing focus on worldly matters and less on religious concerns. Materialism = An increasing focus on personal possessions and wealth. Loosening of Morals = A perceived decline in adherence to strict Puritan values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the associated detail with the legacy of the Salem Witch Trials:

<p>Decline of Puritanism = The trials accelerated the decline of Puritanism in New England. End of 'City Upon a Hill' = The trials effectively ended any remaining belief that Salem was a divine experiment. Shift in Worldview = More colonists began to favor reason over supernatural beliefs. Revoked Charter = Massachusetts Bay’s charter was revoked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each demographic characteristic with its respective group involved in the Salem Witch Trials:

<p>Accused Women = Formed the majority of those executed during the trials. Accused with Land = Many of the accused either possessed land or were set to inherit it. Accusers = Often used accusations to address underlying disputes or social tensions. Executed Individuals = Included both men and women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following monarchs with their primary religious policy in England:

<p>Henry VIII = Initiated the English Reformation, creating the Church of England. Mary I = Attempted to restore Catholicism and persecuted Protestants. Elizabeth I = Established a moderate Protestant Church of England and discriminated against Catholics. Edward VI = Pushed England further away from the Catholic Church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the explorer with their accomplishment:

<p>Christopher Columbus = Sailed west across the Atlantic, landing in the Bahamas. Vasco da Gama = First to sail around Africa to reach India. Amerigo Vespucci = Determined that the lands Columbus reached were part of a new continent. Jacques Cartier = He attempted to create a settlement in Quebec but abandoned it due to tension with the natives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its description:

<p>Encomienda = Land grants awarding indigenous labor to wealthy Spaniards. The Middle Passage = The forced journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. Columbian Exchange = The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and humans between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Chattel Slavery = A system of slavery where enslaved people are considered legal property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the person with their role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire:

<p>Hernan Cortes = Spanish conquistador who led the expedition against the Aztec Empire. Moctezuma II = Aztec ruler at the time of the Spanish arrival. La Malinche = Served as a translator and advisor to Cortes. Esteban = The first enslaved African to step foot in the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony with its colonizing country:

<p>Hispaniola = Spain New France = France Thirteen Colonies = England Brazil = Portugal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its place in the Spanish colonial social hierarchy

<p>Peninsulares = Native-born Spaniards at the top of the hierarchy. Mestizos = People of Spanish and Native American ancestry. Mulattoes = People of Spanish and African ancestry. Enslaved Africans = Occupied the lowest societal position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the motivation with the European country:

<p>Portugal = Sought a sea route to Asia, pioneered African slave trade, and the desire for gold. Spain = Commissioned Columbus to find a western route to Asia, leading to the discovery of the Americas. France = Searched for the Northwest Passage and established fur trading posts in North America. England = Driven by Queen Elizabeth I's goals to create a powerful empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects with it causes

<p>Columbus’s arrival in the Americas = Triggered widespread disease among Native populations. Rise of sugar plantations = Increased demand for enslaved African labor. The Crusades = The need to get to the spice trade, establishing the Silk road. The Slave Trade = Chatell Slavery being established and dehumanization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the appropriate location:

<p>Bahamas = First land encountered by Columbus in the Americas. Tenochtitlan = Capital city of the Aztec Empire, later conquered by the Spanish. Newfoundland = Early French claim in North America. Texas = location where Cabaeza Debaca lands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following people with their actions:

<p>Tainos = kidnapped and victim of diseases by columbus arrived. Nahuas = Visited Spain in 1528. Queen Elizabeth I = Brought stability and created a powerful empire; Great Britain. Samuel de Champlain = Known for New France.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Native American societies with their distinguishing characteristics:

<p>Mississippians = Known for building large earthen mounds and Cahokia Pueblos = Famous for their cliff dwellings and sophisticated irrigation in the Southwest Hopewell = Known for religious gatherings around solstices in the Ohio River Valley Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of Native American culture with their descriptions:

<p>Kinship Networks = Large, extended family structures that formed the basis of social organization Gender Roles = Defined responsibilities for men and women, with men often hunting and women caring for children Two-Spirit Individuals = People who possessed both male and female spirits, sometimes seen as spiritual leader Polytheism = Belief in multiple gods closely tied to a spiritual connection with the earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match historical figures with their defining actions during the Reformation:

<p>Martin Luther = Posted the 95 Theses, criticizing the sale of indulgences John Calvin = Advanced the doctrine of predestination King Henry VIII = Broke from the Catholic Church to form the Church of England Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following European powers with their primary colonial interests:

<p>Spain = Consolidated power and drove the Moors out of the Iberian peninsula England = Religious upheaval with his heirs France = Competition for dominance and always at war for money and sources of power The Netherlands = Diverse economies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of the African kingdoms with their influence:

<p>Trade Networks = Facilitated the exchange of goods and the spread of Islam Gold = Enabled the kingdom of Mali to establish dominance Ancestor Worship = Led to women holding more prominent roles than in other societies Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term to the correct description regarding European society at the time:

<p>Feudal System = A social hierarchy where serfs worked the land in exchange for protection Black Death = A plague that decimated almost half of Europe's population Renaissance = A rebirth of classical European literature, art, science, and philosophy Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bodies of water with their corresponding purpose:

<p>Running water and irrigation systems = Used for crops Water = Was filtered Mississippi = River the Mississippians traveled on Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant with their purpose:

<p>Yams = Women were farmers of these Sugar Cane = Women were farmers of these Bananas = Women were farmers of these Okra = Women were farmers of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following locations with their corresponding description:

<p>West Africa = Kingdom of Mali was located here Middle East = Islam came from here Canada(Finland) = Vikings created settlements here Ohio = Hopewell was located here</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following empires to what they were known for:

<p>M.O.O.R.S = Took over the Iberian Peninsula Spanish = fought and drove the MOORS out of the Iberian peninsula Kingdom of Mali = Powerful kingdom located in West African Savannah Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Native American innovations to the environment where they were:

<p>Cliff Dwelling = South Western Part of North America massive instruction = Built into the mountains Irrigation Systems = Used to grow crops and feed the people Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term to the correct description regarding Native American Society at the time:

<p>Two spirit = Male and Females spirts were united into one and sometimes spiritual leaders Kinship = They developed extended kinship networks across many tribes Domesticated plants = significant framing advances, irrigation systems, and plant experimentations Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following African Empires with their description:

<p>Women = They were farmers (Yams, Sugar Cane, Bananas, Okra) Kingdom of Mali = Islam spread to male by traders and merchants Gold = Using gold to buy things was very important to African communities Vikings = Settled in Iceland, and Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada (Finland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony with its primary economic activity or purpose:

<p>Jamestown = Tobacco cultivation Plymouth = Religious separation Virginia = Economic Opportunity Maryland = Haven for English Catholics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each individual with their role or contribution to early colonization:

<p>John Smith = Provided leadership and military discipline in Jamestown Pocahontas = Served as a bridge between the Powhatan and Jamestown settlers John Rolfe = Introduced tobacco cultivation to Virginia Squanto = Aided the Pilgrims in Plymouth with farming techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its significance in the context of early colonial labor systems:

<p>Indentured Servants = Laborers who worked for a fixed term in exchange for passage and land 'Tobacco Brides' = Women sent to the colonies to marry and stabilize the population Headright System = Land grants provided to those who paid for passage to the colonies 'Starving Time' = Period of severe famine in Jamestown in which settlers resulted to cannibalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the event with its consequence or impact on the early colonies:

<p>Defeat of the Spanish Armada = Allowed England to more freely colonize North America Founding of Jamestown = Established the first permanent English settlement in North America Introduction of Tobacco = Transformed Virginia's economy and fueled expansion Mayflower Compact = Established a basis for self-governance in Plymouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each war / conflict with their main cause and outcome.

<p>Anglo-Powhatan Wars = Caused by territorial disputes and resulted in strained relations Invasion of Ireland = Expansion of Britain into new territories Dutch War = Competition in fur and slave trade that lead to conflicts War with Spain = Rise of the English navy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony with its distinct characteristics:

<p>Virginia = Relied on the headright system to attract settlers Plymouth = Established the Mayflower Compact as a form of self-government New Amsterdam = Was founded by the Dutch Maryland = Granted religious toleration to Catholics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the description:

<p>Charter Colony = A colony whose governance was based on a charter agreement with the crown Joint-Stock Company = A business venture where investors pooled money for colonies Patroon system = Granting large estates to wealthy landowners who brought settlers House of Burgesses = The first elected representative government in colonial Virginia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consequence to it's cause:

<p>Starving Time = The settlers focused on gold hunting instead of farming Anglo-Powhatan Wars = The local population did not receive fair treatment from the colonists Pilgrims move to the Americas = The pilgrims received religious persecution in England Virginia transitions to a royal colony = The poor management by the Virginia company led to financial problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the person responsible for each colony:

<p>Lord Baltimore = Maryland King James = Jamestown Pilgrims = Plymouth Dutch West India Company = New Amsterdam</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony with its goal:

<p>Virginia = To make money through trade and agriculture for England New Amsterdam = To find a route to the pacific through North America Plymouth = To create a new society which they can practice their religion freely. Maryland = To provide a safe haven for English Catholics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony with its primary economic activity:

<p>New Netherlands = Fur trade Pennsylvania = Wheat, oats, barley Carolinas = Rice Georgia = Refugee debtors and restrictions on slavery (early)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the individual with their role in early colonial development:

<p>William Penn = Founder of Pennsylvania James Oglethorpe = Founder of Georgia Robert Cavelier de la Salle = Claimed Mississippi River and tributaries for France Francisco Menendez = Founded the first free black community in North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the conflict with its primary cause or effect:

<p>Beaver Wars = Competition over fur trade between Dutch/Iroquois and French/Native Americans Pueblo Revolt = Resistance to Spanish Encomiendas and forced religious conversion New Netherlands Attacked by British = Dutch were too weak compared to the British Lack of Debtors sent to Georgia = Georgia unable to become a cash crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony with its unique characteristic:

<p>New Netherlands = First multi-ethnic colony with diverse languages and religions Pennsylvania = Advocated for religious tolerance and equality, with Quaker influence Carolinas = Replicated Caribbean plantation system with rice cultivation Georgia = Initially founded with restrictions on land ownership, alcohol, and slavery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its definition or significance:

<p>Gullah = Combination of English and West African dialects in the Carolinas Encomiendas = Spanish system of forced labor imposed on Native Americans Mercantilism = Economic theory where colonies supply raw materials and serve as markets for the mother country Great Law of Peace = Government that includes separate branches, unifying to declare war, and the balance the interest of different tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the individual with their contribution to religious or social movements:

<p>Quakers = Promoted greater equality for women and religious tolerance Jesuits and Ursuline Nuns = Attempted to convert Native Americans to Catholicism in New France Elite Planter Class = Draft a consistution that gives the elite more land and governemnt control Pope = United different tribes across New Mexico to stand up for their religious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony with its associated geographic region:

<p>New Netherlands = New York region New Sweden = Delaware River Valley Carolinas and Georgia = Southeastern Coast New France = Great Lakes Region</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the event with its consequence:

<p>New Netherlands Attached and Negotiated into British Control = New Netherlands reorganized into New York and New Jersey Spanish Conquered Pueblos = No more encomiendas and natives can practice some of their traditional religion Georgia Organized as a Royal Colony = Bans on slavery and alcohol were lifted Beaver Wars = Lead to many native american deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony with its government structure. Consider how the government was organized and who held the power:

<p>New Netherlands under Dutch West India Company = Monopoly over trade and governance by the Dutch West India Company Pennsylvania under William Penn = Legislative government with Quakers in positions of power Carolinas under Elite Planter Class = Legislative government with upper chamber controlled by planter class Iroquois Confederacy = Government has separate branches, unify to declare war, and the balance the interest of different tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its role in shaping colonial labor systems:

<p>Enslaved West Africans in Carolinas = Primary labor source for rice plantations, retaining some cultural identity Refugee Debtors in Georgia = Intended to provide labor but colony struggled due to mismanagement and restrictions Spanish Encomiendas and Native Labor = Forced Native Americans to work for Spanish settlers Black Market in New Netherlands = Provided a way for local trade despite Dutch West India Company’s monopoly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony to the statement that best exemplifies its intercultural interactions:

<p>New Netherlands = A multi-ethnic colony where 18 different languages were spoken, with diverse religious groups like Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and Muslims. Pennsylvania = A colony that made peace with Native Americans and advocated for tolerance, attracting German, Scotch-Irish, and other diverse groups. Carolinas = A colony with a reliance on enslaved West Africans, who maintained a degree of cultural identity and developed the Gullah dialect. New France = Centered on fur trading posts with Native Americans, with efforts by missionaries to convert Native populations to Catholicism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the person or group with the ideology or philosophy they best represent:

<p>Quakers in Pennsylvania = Advocated for challenging social order and class structure, fostering revolts and revolution. Planter Class in the Carolinas = Believed in a hierarchical society supported by enslaved labor, emphasizing ownership of land and political power. James Oglethorpe and Trustees in Early Georgia = Emphasized humanitarian reasons for social policies; designed to build a colony for refugee debtors. French Missionaries in New France = Sought to convert Native populations to Catholicism as part of their colonial mission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each colony with its long-term legacy on American society:

<p>Pennsylvania = Established precedents for religious tolerance and equality, which influenced the development of civil rights and freedoms. Carolinas = Shaped the economic and social structures by relying heavily on slavery, setting a precedent for the plantation system. New France = Expanded trade networking with Native populations and influence over the Mississippi River and tributaries. Iroquois Confederacy = Inspired ideas of democracy through their Great Law of Peace and a unified front.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each region with its primary form of interaction with Native Americans:

<p>New Netherlands = Allied with the Iroquois to compete with the French in the fur trade. Pennsylvania = Focused on peaceful negotiations and treaty-making to establish fair relationships. New France = Engaged primarily in fur trade, relying on partnerships and reciprocal relationships. Spanish Florida = Established missions and fortifications to control and convert the local population and used territory as a buffer zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the colony characteristics with their long-term effects:

<p>Georgia's initial ban on slavery disrupted = Limited early economic growth and necessitated reorganization as a royal colony. New Netherland's diversity of peoples and languages = Established forerunners for religious tolerance and civic liberty. Carolina's elite planter class = Enabled a unique version of the English constitutional system that greatly affected laws. France's care to convert natives to Catholicism = Missionaries sent to heartland alongside fur traders, not much success in long run</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their significance in the early colonies:

<p>Bacon's Rebellion = Exposed tensions between poor colonists, wealthy landowners, and Native Americans, accelerating the shift to reliance on African slave labor. Act of Religious Toleration (1649) = Established a degree of religious freedom in Maryland, though it was later repealed, highlighting the struggle for religious tolerance. Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony = Led by John Winthrop, it sought to create a 'city upon a hill', a model Puritan society based on strict religious principles. King Philip's War = Marked a brutal conflict between colonists and Native Americans, resulting in significant losses on both sides and diminishing the Native American presence in New England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their roles or beliefs in the New England colonies:

<p>John Winthrop = Envisioned Massachusetts Bay Colony as a 'city upon a hill', setting a high standard for Puritan society. Roger Williams = Advocated for religious toleration and the separation of church and state, leading to his banishment and the founding of Rhode Island. Anne Hutchinson = Challenged Puritan religious authority through her Bible studies and claims of direct revelations from God, leading to her exile. King Philip (Metacom) = Native American leader who led a major war against the New England colonists in an effort to resist their expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the colony they best describe:

<p>Massachusetts Bay = Characterized by a strong emphasis on Puritan religious beliefs and a tightly controlled social structure. Maryland = Founded as a proprietary colony with the intention of providing religious refuge, especially for Catholics. Virginia = Its economy was heavily reliant on tobacco production, leading to a need for cheap labor and the eventual widespread use of slavery. Rhode Island = Known for its religious tolerance and separation of church and state, founded by religious dissenters from other colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions related to the Chesapeake colonies:

<p>Indentured Servants = Individuals who contracted to work for a set period in exchange for passage to the colonies, contributing significantly to the labor force. Tobacco = The primary cash crop in the Chesapeake colonies, driving the economy but also leading to land depletion and labor demands. Proprietary Colony = A colony granted to an individual or group by the British crown, who then governed it with considerable autonomy. Chattel Slavery = A system of enslavement in which enslaved individuals are considered personal property and have no rights or freedoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their impacts on the transition to slavery in the Chesapeake:

<p>Bacon’s Rebellion = Demonstrated the instability of relying on indentured servants, as they could become disgruntled and rebel against the established order. Royal African Company = Increased the availability of enslaved Africans by creating a direct trade route between West Africa and the English colonies. Codifying Race and Slavery = Refers to laws that formally established race-based chattel slavery, stripping away rights and solidifying the institution. Economic Factors (Tobacco) = The labor-intensive nature of tobacco cultivation increased demand for a permanent and easily controlled workforce to maximize profit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with either Chesapeake or New England colonies:

<p>Chesapeake Colonies = Characterized by a higher mortality rate, lower life expectancy, and a more dispersed population due to the nature of agriculture. New England Colonies = Emphasized education, religious conformity, and had a more balanced gender ratio, leading to a more stable social structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions to the correct colony:

<p>Maryland = Granted to the Calverts, it aimed to be a haven for Catholics, leading to the Act of Toleration. Massachusetts Bay = Settled by Puritans seeking to establish a religiously pure 'city upon a hill'. Virginia = Its economy was heavily reliant on tobacco production, leading to a need for cheap labor and the eventual widespread use of slavery. Rhode Island = Founded on principles of religious freedom and separation of church and state by Roger Williams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their impacts on colonial-Native American relations:

<p>Pequot War = Resulted in the decimation of the Pequot tribe, illustrating the colonists' uncompromising approach to territorial expansion. King Phillip's War = Demonstrated the limitations of treaties and coexistence, leading to widespread conflict and significant loss of life on both sides. Bacon's Rebellion = Brought a sense of distrust between natives and foreigners, pushing people to want to rely more on slavery. Third Anglo-Powhatan War = Established boundaries with Native Americans, which brought peace for about thrity years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social aspects with their expression in Chesapeake Society:

<p>Gender Norms = Men were the primary landowners and held positions of power in government, while women were primarily homemakers responsible for household tasks and raising children. Challenges to social norms = While laws against premarital sex, adultery, homosexuality, and out-of-wedlock births existed, their enforcement was difficult due to social circumstances. Social hierarchy = Based on land ownership and wealth, with wealthy planters at the top and indentured servants and enslaved people at the bottom. Economy = Tobacco dominated economy brings wealth, but results in boom and bust cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each colony with the correct description of the early settlers main goals:

<p>Maryland = Settle this land specifically for Catholics. Massachusetts = Create a perfect religious community as a model for others Rhode Island = Make a colony where religious toleration is allowed. Virginia = Expand the English territory and make money.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items to the colony region they were most associated with:

<p>Reliance on enslaved labor = Chesapeake Religious dissent and toleration = New England City Upon a Hill = New England Boom and bust tobacco cycles = Chesapeake</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items to their most significant impacts:

<p>Act of Religious Toleration = For a brief period, it brought religious tolerance to Catholics and Protestants alike. Switch to Slavery = This increased drastically after Bacon's Rebellion, who's end prompted wealthy landowners to look for ways to increase profits. Anne Hutchinson = She questioned Puritan religious authority through Bible studies and ideas of direct revelation. John Winthrop = He had the idea of 'City Upon a Hill', where he envisioned a perfect Puritan society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items with how colonial expansion influenced new laws:

<p>Enslaved Africans = Their rights slowly came to a halt when the colonists realized the potential money and profit. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson = They paved the way for religious tolerance to exist, however it made the strict Puritans very angry because they wanted to conform the church to themselves. Bacon's Rebellion = This led to colonist wanting to steer clear of indentured servants, who were often the source of the revolts. Native American War loss = This gave way to the taking of land, ultimately pushing them out of the way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles in Chesapeake Society:

<p>Men = Farm or take Government rolls. Women = Homemakers - Food, making clothing, having children. Indentured Servants = Labor and provide income for the wealthy while working off debt. Wealthy Englishmen = Seized land and influence using money and status in the colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Beringia?

Land bridge connecting North America to Asia during the last ice age.

Who were the Paleo-Indians?

First people in North America; nomadic hunter-gatherers.

What does 'nomadic' mean?

Moving from place to place following herds of animals.

Who were the Olmecs?

First permanent settlement in Mesoamerica, known for stone head carvings.

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What was the Olmec's staple crops?

Corn, beans, and squash were the main components of their meals.

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What was Teotihuacan?

Powerful city-state in Mesoamerica, known for trade networks.

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Who were the Mayans?

Civilization in Yucatan Peninsula with hieroglyphs, books, calendars, and numeric system.

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What was the Aztec Empire?

Powerful empire in present-day Mexico with capital Tenochtitlan; known for human sacrifice.

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Salem Witch Trials

Trials in Salem, Massachusetts that led to the execution of 19 people and the imprisonment of many more.

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Anxiety of failing the experiment

A potential cause of Witch Trials due to worries about its success.

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Growing secularization and materialism

The colony was becoming more focused on worldly possessions and less on religious devotion.

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Accused women viewed as disagreeable

Many of the accused were women considered difficult or non-conforming to social norms.

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Legacy of Salem Witch Trials

The trials led to a decline in Puritanism and a shift towards a more rational worldview.

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Tudor Monarchs

Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I. Each monarch influenced the Church of England.

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Age of Discovery

A period where European countries sought a water route to Asia for spices and silk, spurred by the Crusades and new sailing tech.

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African Slave Trade (Portuguese)

Portugal's trade system involving the exchange of gold for enslaved people, initiating chattel slavery based on race and dehumanization.

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Columbus' Impact

Columbus landed in the Bahamas, mistreated the Tainos, kidnapped them, and spread diseases during his voyages under Spain's commission.

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Status of Natives (Spanish Colonies)

Natives were nominally free but forced to work, pay the Spanish, convert to Catholicism, and mine for gold; many died from disease.

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Origins of Slave System in Americas

Shipping Africans across the Atlantic to the Caribbean to mine coal and work on sugar plantations.

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Fall of Aztec Empire

Hernan Cortes interacted with Mayans, allied with La Malinche, exploited Aztec greed for gold, and eventually conquered the Aztec Empire.

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Encomiendas

Land grants awarding Indigenous labor to Spaniards. A form of forced labor.

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Societal Hierarchy (Spanish Colonies)

A social hierarchy was established with Peninsulares at the top, followed by Mestizos, Mulattoes, Native Americans, and enslaved Africans.

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Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, goods, diseases, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, shaped by European countries.

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Jamestown (1607)

England's first permanent settlement in North America, named after King James I.

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Joint Stock Company

A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

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Starving Time (1609-1610)

Early period in Jamestown where colonists faced extreme starvation due to focus on gold and lack of farming.

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Tobacco (Virginia)

A crop introduced by John Rolfe that became Virginia's economic lifeline.

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Indentured Servants

Individuals who worked under contract for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America and land.

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Headright System

Land grants of 50 acres given to those who paid for the passage of new arrivals to Virginia.

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Mayflower Compact (1620)

Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact declared themselves a “Civic Body” and claimed land in the name of King James of England.

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Squanto

Native American who helped the Pilgrims survive by teaching them how to farm.

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New Amsterdam (1626)

Dutch established colony in present-day New York City.

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Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected representative government in the New World.

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Permanent North American Societies

Societies that emerged in North America around the 1st century CE, characterized by diverse groups, civilizations and settlements

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Cahokia

A Mississippian city known for its pyramids and travel along the Mississippi River.

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Native Kinship Networks

Native peoples established large extended kinship networks.

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Native Polytheistic Religion

Belief in multiple gods with a spiritual connection to the Earth.

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Vikings in North America

Early explorers who reached Iceland, Greenland, and created a settlement in Canada.

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Kingdom of Mali

A powerful kingdom in West Africa known for its vast amounts of gold.

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The Big Three of Europe

England, Spain, and France. Constantly at war looking for money and sources of power

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Feudal System

A system in medieval Europe where serfs worked land in exchange for protection from lords.

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Black Death

A bubonic plague that killed almost half of Europe's population in the 14th century.

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Renaissance

A 'rebirth' of classical European literature, art, science, and philosophy, marking advancements in scientific thought.

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Joint Stock Companies

Companies that diversify economies in Europe by selling stocks to investors.

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Reconquista

The Spanish monarchy drove the Moors out of the Iberian Peninsula

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Spanish Inquisition

The Spanish Monarchy wanted to stay in power

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Martin Luther

A Catholic priest who disagreed with the practice of selling indulgences and excommunicated from the church.

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Protestant Reformation in England

The King of England broke ties with the church so that he could divorce his wife.

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Proprietary Colony

Permission from the king to establish a colony, run by an individual and their heirs.

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Act of Religious Toleration (1649)

Established tolerance between Protestants and Catholics in Maryland, but repealed later.

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Chesapeake Society Challenges

Chesapeake society faced a constant need for labor and land, relying heavily on indentured servants and tobacco.

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Bacon's Rebellion

An uprising in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon against Native Americans and the royal governor due to land shortages and grievances.

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Transition to Slavery

The shift from indentured servitude to race-based chattel slavery as the primary labor source in the Chesapeake colonies.

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Royal African Company

A company created by the British monarchy to engage in the transatlantic slave trade, competing with other European powers.

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New England Economy

Raw materials like timber, furs, and oil drove the economy, instead of cash crops.

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Predestination

Puritans believed that God had already decided who would be saved (the 'elect') before birth.

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"City Upon a Hill"

The Puritan idea of creating a model, self-sustaining colony to demonstrate their religious and social values.

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Roger Williams

Challenged Puritan beliefs and advocated for religious toleration and separation of church and state.

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Anne Hutchinson

Challenged church beliefs and gender bias, claiming direct revelations from God and questioning predestination.

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Pequot War (1637)

An early conflict between colonists and the Pequot tribe, resulting in the tribe's defeat and further land encroachment.

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King Philip's War

A major conflict between colonists and Native Americans, also known as Metacom's War, resulting in significant losses on both sides.

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Witchcraft in Salem (1692-1693)

A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts.

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Salem Witch Trials Origins

Started with two young girls blaming Tituba, accusations spread, leading to trials and executions.

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New Netherlands

Diverse colony settled by the Dutch in the NY region, featuring various ethnicities, languages, and religions.

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Beaver Wars

Conflicts over beaver fur trade between the Dutch (allied with Iroquois) and the French (allied with other Native tribes).

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Quakers

Religious group that valued equality, peace, and challenged social norms, leading to the founding of Pennsylvania.

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William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a “holy experiment” for Quakers, advocating tolerance and equality.

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Carolinas

Southern colonies aiming to replicate the plantation system of the Caribbean, focusing on cash crops like rice.

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Gullah

West African dialect formed when enslaved people combined English and West African languages.

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Georgia

Last of the 13 colonies, initially founded as a haven for debtors with restrictions that were later lifted.

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Iroquois Confederacy

Confederation of tribes near Ohio and NY with a government based on separate branches and unified interests.

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Mercantilism

French economic theory where colonies supply raw materials to the mother country and serve as markets for manufactured goods.

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Robert Cavelier de la Salle

French explorer who claimed the Mississippi River and its tributaries for New France, creating the Louisiana territory.

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Pueblo Revolt

Uprising in which Pueblo tribes united to drive the Spanish out of New Mexico, succeeding for 12 years.

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Spanish Encomiendas

Spanish system granting permission to force Native Americans to work for them.

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Spanish Florida and Texas

Area claimed by Spain, serving as a buffer zone against French and English expansion, populated by forts and Missions.

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Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Morse

First free black community in North America, founded in Florida by Francisco Menendez and formerly enslaved Africans.

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Jesuits

Religious order within the Catholic Church

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Study Notes

Native People and Ancient Civilizations

  • Most natives believed their humanity originated from the earth itself.
  • The first arrivals in North America occurred between 13,000-2,500 BCE.
  • Beringia, a land bridge connecting North America to Asia, was used for crossing during the last ice age, with people also using boats.
  • Paleo-Indians were the first to arrive, establishing trends for North American native life.
  • Paleo-Indians were nomadic hunters and gatherers who hunted woolly mammoths, mastodons, and bison using stone and flint tools.
  • They traveled in groups of 20-50, trading, fighting, intermingling, and marrying.
  • Evidence suggests they lived from Alaska, Canada, and the northern United States to Mexico.
  • The end of the Ice Age and the adoption of agriculture changed their way of life.

First Permanent Settlements

  • The Olmecs were the first permanent settlement in Mesoamerica, farming corn, beans, and squash.
  • Governed by a chiefdom, they had a religion and created art, including massive stone heads representing gods/leaders.
  • The Olmecs thrived between 2000 BCE and 1200 BCE.
  • Teotihuacan was a powerful city-state near Mexico City with a chiefdom government and unique religion.
  • It boasted poetry as an art form and was one of the largest cities worldwide at its peak, with a population of 100,000.
  • They conducted trade and established trade networks across Mexico.
  • Larger city-states started dominating smaller kingdoms.
  • Mayans: Located in the Yucatan Peninsula, they used hieroglyphic writing, created books, had a calendar, and a numeric system.
  • The Aztec Empire was one of the most powerful empires in present-day Mexico, boasting a population of 200,000.
  • Tenochtitlan, their capital city, was an island connected by bridges.
  • They created floating gardens, farmed extensively outside the city, practiced human sacrifice, and exerted regional control over smaller tribes.
  • The Incan Empire, located in Peru, was established in the 14th century.
  • Cuzco was its capital city, located in the Andes Mountains.
  • Inca Achievements: Massive construction built into the mountains.
  • Running water and irrigation systems for crops.
  • Roads and bridges.

Permanent Societies in North America

  • Societies emerged in North America by the 1st century CE, resulting in thousands of diverse groups, civilizations, and settlements.
  • Mississippians, including Cahokia, had a population of 10,000, built pyramids, and traveled along the Mississippi River.
  • Disease outbreaks led to their decline.
  • Pueblos in the southwest: Cliff dwellers who lived in cliffs for natural defense.
  • Unique clay buildings.
  • Able to grow crops in a dry climate.
  • Hopewell: Located in present-day Ohio.
  • Religious celebrations around the equinoxes.

Similarities Among Native Societies

  • Established large extended kinship networks.
  • Men had huge extended families with many wives.
  • Clear, defined gender roles: Men hunted, protected, and held positions of power; women cared for children and became religious leaders.
  • Sexual and Gender Fluidity: Some viewed as outcasts, some as spiritual leaders.
  • Two-Spirits: Over 150 tribes recognized male and female spirits.
  • Polytheistic religion with a spiritual connection to the earth.
  • Significant farming advances, irrigation systems, and plant experimentation.
  • Domesticated wild plants and created drought-resistant plants.

Contact with the West

  • Speculation exists regarding early interaction between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
  • Vikings, led by Leif Ericson, explored Europe around the first century CE.
  • Established settlements in Iceland, Greenland, and Canada (Finland).
  • Faced fierce native resistance when attempting settlements in North America.

African Civilizations (1300s-1400s)

  • Expansive kingdoms and empires existed across the Greenlands of West Africa and the desert of North Africa.
  • Due to ancestor worship women were more prominent.
  • Family traced through the mother's side.
  • Women were also farmers of yams, sugar cane, bananas, and okra.
  • Islam from the Middle East spread through traders and merchants.
  • Established trade networks and market-based economies.
  • Gold was very important to African communities.
  • The Kingdom of Mali (1230-1600) was a powerful kingdom in West Africa.
  • Established dominance due to vast amounts of gold.
  • Islam spread to Mali through traders and merchants.
  • Enslaved enemies throughout the kingdom.

The Big Three of Europe

  • England, Spain, and France competed for dominance.
  • Church and State were linked in medieval Europe through the Roman Catholic Church and monarchies.
  • Monarchies supported the church, which in return gave them political authority.
  • The feudal system consisted of serfs and lords.
  • Serfs worked land in exchange for protection.
  • Lords were responsible for providing protection.
  • The Black Death in the 14th century killed almost half of Europe's population.
  • It spread due to fleas on ship rats and poor sanitation.

Rise of the Atlantic World

  • The first colonies and the emergence of the slave trade occurred between 1400-1650.

Effects of the Renaissance

  • A "rebirth" of classical European literature, art, science, and philosophy.
  • Advancements in science and a different outlook on the world.
  • Lasted from the 15th-17th centuries.
  • Scientific thought reborn.
  • Leonardo da Vinci painted the Last Supper.
  • Joint-stock companies diversified economies in Europe.
  • Examples: Britain, Netherlands.
  • Gained capital by selling stocks to investors.
  • The Feudal System declined across Europe.
  • Many serfs and peasants left their manors.
  • Massive population growth in England from 2.5 million in 1500 to 5 million in 1620.
  • The lower class was viewed as pests by the rich.

Religious Change in Europe

  • Reconquista: The Spanish monarchy fought and drove the Moors out of the Iberian Peninsula.
  • Spanish Inquisition: The Spanish monarchy wanted to consolidate power.
  • Jews had to convert to Catholicism or face death.
  • Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation (1517): A German Catholic priest challenged the practice of selling indulgences.
  • Luther posted his 95 Theses, listing disagreements with the church, and was excommunicated.
  • He founded the Lutheran church and translated the Bible from Latin to German.
  • John Calvin: Introduced predestination and Calvinism.
  • Challenged church teachings.
  • Catholic or Counter-Reformation (1545-1563): Stopped selling indulgences.
  • Protestant Reformation in England: King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife.
  • Broke ties with the church and established the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with himself as its head.
  • King Henry VIII had 6 wives and 3 children.
  • Religious upheaval occurred with his heirs.
  • Henry VIII created the Church of England.
  • Edward VI pushed England further away from the church.
  • Mary I brought England back to the Catholic Church, killing Protestants.
  • Elizabeth I broke ties with the Catholic Church and discriminated against Catholics.

The Age of Discovery

  • European countries desired a water route to Asia to obtain spices and silk.
  • New sailing technology advanced exploration, driven by Portugal.
  • Portugal established outposts in Africa and traded, with Vasco da Gama first to sail around Africa.
  • Trading gold for slaves.
  • Created the African slave trade, with chattel slavery established based on race.
  • Christopher Columbus: Wanted to sail west to reach Asia.
  • Sailed with Spanish funding, landed in the Bahamas, and met the Tainos.
  • Kidnapped them, believing them to be savages.
  • Columbus' treatment of Native Americans: Kidnapped 500, most of whom died from disease.
  • Traveled 4 times.
  • Jailed by Spaniards for corruption and died disgraced in 1499.
  • Spanish Colonies: Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica.
  • Amerigo Vespucci (1499): Believed there was a larger landmass.
  • America was named after Amerigo Vespucci.

Status of Natives

  • Technically free but forced to work, convert to Catholicism, or mine for gold.
  • Those who refused conversion were sold into slavery.
  • The spread of diseases decimated the population.
  • Within a year of Columbus' arrival, 90% of the Tainos were dead.
  • Origins of the slave system: Shipped across the Atlantic to the Caribbean.
  • Worked in coal mines and sugar plantations.
  • Spanish Conquistadors: Hernan Cortes and the Aztec Empire.
  • Landing and La Malinche: Cortes learns about Aztec cities.
  • Interacts with the Mayans who present him with "La Malinche"
  • La Malinche learns Spanish and serves as a translator.
  • Aztec leader Moctezuma II (1519): Was killed.
  • Formed native alliances.
  • Cortes waited for Spanish reinforcements and native allies to attack and bring down the Aztec empire.

Indigenous Americans in Europe

  • Thousands of Native Americans went to Europe were sold into slavery, served as interpreters and diplomats, or were displayed as spectacles and curiosities.

Spain's Growing Empire

  • Established a northern frontier, including Texas, Florida, and New Mexico.
  • Cabeza de Vaca landed in Texas with an enslaved African named Esteban.
  • Esteban is believed to be the first enslaved African to step foot in the US.

Encomiendas and the Mission System

  • Encomiendas: Land grants awarding indigenous labor to wealthy Spaniards.
  • A form of slavery.
  • Mission system: Outposts of the Catholic Church used to convert natives, sometimes forcibly.
  • Missions were sometimes attacked by natives.

Societal Hierarchy

  • Peninsulares: Native-born Spaniards.
  • Mestizos: Spanish and native ancestry.
  • Mulattoes: Spanish and African ancestry.
  • Native Americans.
  • Enslaved Africans.

The Columbian Exchange

  • Established between Europe, Africa, and the Americas by the early 1500s.
  • Exchange of plants, animals, goods, diseases, and human beings across three nations guided by European countries.
  • The Middle Passage: The journey from Africa to the Americas for enslaved Africans.
  • 12.5 million Africans were crammed into boats over hundreds of years.

France's Claims in North America

  • Newfoundland
  • Northwest Passage and Jacques Cartier: Mythical water route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
  • Jacques Cartier tried making a settlement in Quebec but abandoned it due to tension with the natives.
  • Samuel de Champlain, New France (1608): Limited growth and development due to a small population.
  • Origin of the Fur Trade: Hurons and the Algonquins.

England's Rise in the World

  • Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) brought stability and created a powerful empire: Great Britain
  • England takes over Wales, Scotland, and other territories.
  • Led an invasion through Ireland (1565-1576).
  • English Protestants took over almost all Irish land.
  • Irish Catholics lost their land and religious freedom.
  • Defeated the Spanish Armada (1588): Elizabeth strengthened Britain's navy and defeated the Spanish Armada.
  • The first British colony in North America failed.
  • Roanoke (1885-1890) was abandoned due to bad geography and lack of resources.
  • Britain's first permanent settlement: Jamestown (1607), named after King James I.
  • Founded by the Virginia Company (joint-stock company)
  • Charter colony: Financing and management by the company and stockholders.
  • The first arrival numbered 100 people, with only 50 surviving within a year.
  • Captain John Smith caused tension with the local Powhatans.

Starving Times (1609-1610)

  • Causes: Focus on gold, lack of shelters and crops.
  • Resulted in cannibalism.
  • The Powhatans saved them by selling corn.
  • John Smith stole it from the natives and got captured.

Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614)

  • First of three wars.
  • Deteriorated relationships.
  • Pocahontas was forced to marry an Englishman to bring peace.
  • John Rolfe introduces tobacco (1619).
  • Virginia: Indentured servants were contracted for 5-7 years in exchange for 50 acres of land.
  • Lower-class men saw this as a good opportunity.
  • Lived a horrible, unhappy, and malnourished life.
  • In constant fear of Native Americans.
  • Most died before finishing their contracts.
  • 90% of arrivals were indentured servants with rights.
  • "Tobacco brides" were sent to marry single men.
  • Headrights were given to provide land for elite sons, indentured servants, and new arrivals.
  • Typically 50 acres per head.

The Origins of New England

  • Pilgrims were Separatists from the Church of England who lived in exile in Holland.
  • The Mayflower Compact (1620): Declared themselves a "Civic Body" and claimed land in the name of King James.
  • Squanto and the Wampanoag Indians taught farming.
  • Squanto, kidnapped by the English, served as a translator.
  • Returned to find his tribe wiped out and was stolen by the English.

The Dutch and the New Netherlands

  • The Dutch West India Company funded an expedition in 1609 during the independence struggle from Spain.
  • Established New Amsterdam at present-day New York City in 1626.
  • Patroons who had huge estates got tenants to work that land for them.
  • Henry Hudson and the Northwest Passage: Sailed into Hudson Bay thinking it was the Pacific and was killed by his crew.
  • Engaged in the fur trade with Native Americans and competed against France.
  • Competed in the African slave trade.

Colonial Society, Dissension, and the Slave Trade

  • Chesapeake Colonies (1624-1705): Located along Chesapeake Bay.
  • Tobacco brought in money.
  • Virginia's Transformation: From a joint-stock company to a royal company due to the Virginia Company going bankrupt.
  • The Virginia House of Burgesses and the Governor's Council: Bicameral legislature, the first elected representative government.
  • Virginians paid taxes to the Church of England.
  • Maryland was established in 1623 by George Calvert, or Lord Baltimore, for English Catholics through a proprietary colony.
  • Served as a model for Virginia.
  • Act of Religious Toleration (1649): Established toleration between Protestants and Catholics.
  • Maryland was religiously tolerant until Protestants gained power and revoked the act.

Chesapeake Society

  • Chesapeake Society needed labor and land.
  • Relied on indentured servants.
  • Tobacco dominated the economy and brought prosperity.
  • Experienced boom and bust cycles.
  • High death rate caused by malaria.
  • The average life expectancy was 48.
  • Social laws and gender norms: Conservative society with laws against fornication, adultery, homosexuality, and having children out of wedlock.
  • Men farmed, held government roles, and only white men who owned land could participate in the government.
  • Homemakers Women would prepare Food, make clothing, and have children.

Bacon's Rebellion

  • Third Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1645): Established boundaries with Native Americans.
  • Shortages of available land by 1670 led to conflicts.
  • Nathaniel Bacon led poor men to attack Native Americans and defy the royal governor.
  • Jamestown was burned to the ground.
  • Bacon died of dysentery.

Significance of Bacon's Rebellion

  • Trust has been broken between the natives and foreigners.
  • This led the English to make the change to slavery.

Transition to Slavery Timeline

  • (1619) Enslaved people arrived with limited and conditional slavery.
  • (1640) Increasing restrictions on the enslaved.
  • (1676) Bacon's Rebellion
  • (1705) Chattel race-based slavery was established.
  • Britain Entered the Slave Trade and competed directly with Spain.
  • Enslaved Africans proved a permanent labor source, though with a higher risk of slave revolts.
  • King Charles II created the Royal African Company.

New England Colonies (1630-1692)

  • Massachusetts Bay
  • No cash crops; the economy was driven by raw materials like timber, furs, and oil.

Puritan Beliefs

  • Predestination.
  • Believed the Church of England did not follow the idea of Predestination.
  • Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England because it was similar to the Catholic Church.
  • Preparation for god grace.
  • John Winthrop and a "city upon a hill" (1630): A model of a self-sustaining colony.
  • Political power required church membership and land ownership.
  • Society was family and faith-based: the "New England Way."
  • Higher rates of literacy.
  • Puritans also expanded to Connecticut and New Hampshire.

Challenging Puritan Authority

  • Roger Williams (1631) challenged Puritan beliefs by preaching religious toleration and separation of church and state.
  • Banished and Founded Providence, Rhode Island.
  • The colony was looked down upon due to tolerance.
  • Anne Hutchinson (1635): Hosted popular bible studies challenging Puritan leadership.
  • Challenged church beliefs and gender norms.
  • Said she was getting direct revelations from god.
  • Banished in 1637; killed by Native Americans

Native American Wars

  • Pequot War (1637): Caused by land encroachment.
  • Narragansetts and Puritans allied; the natives were crushed.
  • King Phillip's War: Deadliest war in the Anglo-Native war.
  • Caused By natives selling land.
  • Metacom and King Phillip
  • Half of New England towns were attacked, with 2,000 English killed.
  • Native presence was eradicated.

Witchcraft in Salem (1692-1693)

  • The first accusation was early 1692, starting with two young girls.
  • Two magistrates were sent to Salem to investigate and conduct trials.
  • Prominent people were accused by September 1692.
  • By early 1693, the governor adjourned the court.
  • 200 people were accused, 156 jailed, and 19 executed by hanging (14 women and 5 men).

Causes and Commonalities

  • Potential causes: Anxiety about failing the experiment and growing secularization.
  • Revoked Charter - Massachusetts Bay
  • The accused were viewed as disagreeable and had land or were set to inherit it.
  • Salem village accused members of Salem Town.

Legacy

  • More colonists began believing in an ordered world over witchcraft.
  • The Salem witch trials ended the "City Upon a Hill" experiment.

The Middle Colonies (1621-1681)

  • Unique middle colony identity
  • New Netherlands
  • settled by the dutch in the NY region
  • first multi ethnic colony
  • gernmans, french, english, scandinavians, and free and enslaved africans
  • 18 different languages
  • catholics, protestants, jews, and muslems
  • dutch west india comany foundede new netherkands and new amsterdam
    • had a monopoly over trade
    • buy goods from the dutch west india company
    • ot everyone folooed it
    • had a thriving blackmark
    • lots of illegal trading
  • dutch west company will leganlize private business
    • New Sweden
  • delaware river valley
  • dutch absorbed into new netherlands
  • introduce the log cabin to the americas

Beaver Wars (1648-1657)

  • beaver pelts and furs
  • dutch work with Iroquois and flight the french and natives
  • two competing fur trades
  • dutch and iroquois are victorious
  • leads to many native american deaths
  • New netherlands attached and negotiated into british control
  • King James orders attack on new netherlands
  • dutch were too weak compared ti british
  • enter into negotiations and give up new netherlands
  • new netherlands reorganised into new colony called NY and NJ (royal colony)

Pennsylvania

  • Quakers religious beliefs challenge Britsish soceity
  • contriversial religious
  • religion appealed to the lower clasess
  • advocated challenging the socieal order and class structure
  • fosters revolts and revolution
  • challenged the church of enhglands teachings
  • proomoted greater women equality
  • women could be religious leaders
  • upper class didnt like
  • William Penn and the Quakers founded Pennsilvania as a “holy expiriemnet” for Quakers
  • founded upon the city of philadelphia (city of brotherly love)
  • william penn first governor and puts many quakers into positions of power
  • has a legislative government
  • oats, wheat, barley
  • place that advocated for tolerance and equality due to religious beliefs
  • greater equality for women
  • women could serve as religious leaders for Quakers
  • women could own land
  • couldnt vot still
  • quakers dont believe in violence or war
  • they make peace with native americans
  • greater religious toleratiom
  • dont have to be a quaker to live here
  • no taxes to the church of england
  • first abolition soceities (fight to end slavery)
  • still will be slavery

Southern Colonies (1660-1740)

  • Carolinas replicate the caribbean colonies
  • british had a few island in the caribbean
  • Barbatos was one of the oslands
  • cash crop is sugar
  • Because great climate and spanish slaves work the sugar plantations
  • slaves were main labor source
  • more slaves rthan englishman
  • planter elite class develops
  • they own all land
  • they have political power
  • take this system and take it to the carolinas
  • king charles the second allowes the carolina society rice in carolina instead of sugar
  • legislative government
  • elite planter class has more political power
  • draft a consistution
  • gives the elite planter class ⅖ of all the land
  • planter class gets control of the upper chamber of the legislative government
  • bycmaeral because upper and lower chamber
  • rely on enslaved west africans
  • half of the carolina pop was enslaved
  • enslaved west africans
  • less supervision
  • not as many whites around
  • trusted to work in remotes parts of the plantation
  • re enslaved africans were able to keep more of their cultuarl identity
  • Gullah (combination of english amd west african dialects)
  • traditions
  • languages

Georgia

  • last of the 13 colonies to form
  • colony for refugee debtors
  • dont have to lock them up or put them to work in lock houses
  • founder was James Oglethorpe and the Trustees
  • places many restrictions in this colony
  • how much land someone can own
  • bans alcohol
  • bans slavery
  • humaintarian reasons
  • georgia struggles to get up and running
  • britain doesnt send enough debtors to georgia
  • not enough workers cuz of low debtors and no slavery
  • mismanagment
  • unexpierienced in farming
  • not really a cash crop
  • limits on land made no cash crop ###Reorganized colony
  • Colony gets reorganized by 1752
  • becomes a royal colony
  • trustees kick out Orglethorpe
  • lift the bans on slavery, alchahol, and how much land someone can own
  • georga startsto look more like the carolinas

Non-British Settlements

  • Iroquoi confederacy
  • confederation of 5 different tribes that eventually grows to 6
  • near ihio and NY
  • each tribe has its own region
  • great law of peace
  • government has separate branches
  • unify to declare war
  • balance the interests of the different tribes
  • established power to political leaders
  • democracy ideas was based on this
  • this governemmnt is a model for united states governments Advantages strength in numbers
  • not fighting each other use resources together
  • share crops, weapons, different trades
  • english dutch and french respect them
  • european powers have treaties and diplomacies able to keep their land becaue of government respect

New France Expanding

  • expands to show their colonies worth france expands into great lakes region trading posts than settlements
  • fur trade with native americans mercantilism economic theory that the french adopt he colonies were expected to send raw materials to the mother country colonies were to serve as a market for manufactured goods from the mother nation bevaer fur was raw material and send beaver hides to france and people in new france buy what france makes out of beaver hides (english do the same to their 13 colonies
  • Robert Cavelier de la Salle
  • reach the mississippi river - claims it and its tributaries fro new france becomes known as the louisiana territory named afte king louis and his wife anna
  • french care about converting natives to catholicism
  • missionaries sent to the heartland alongside r traders go to the natives to get fur interaction with natives
  • Jesuits and Ursurline Nuns not much success in converting
  • lag behind in development compared to the english colonies pop is always much smaller not much economic investment wealth is held by church

Pueblo Revolt (1680-1692)

  • Causes
  • Spanish Encomiendas - drought
  • Pueblos blamed Spanish for drought
  • spiritual connection to the earth forces them to change religious belifs they think the gods are angry with them Pope united different tribes across new mexico uprising unfolds by 1680 most successful indigenous uprising in american history
  • pueblos ill many spanish in new mexico destroy the catholic missions drive sansih out of New Mexico
  • they keep spanish out for 12 years pueblos go back to their old ways
  • spanish conquer pueblos
  • no more encomiendas natives can practice some of their traditional religion makes them satisfied with spanish rule

Spanish Florida and Texas

  • fewer establiments due to low pop slow developments claimed by spanish bust no permanent settlement lots of forts and missions buffer zone to france and england
  • keeps other european nations away enslaved people from carolina and georgia runaway and hide in florida settlemnt
  • first free black community in north america founded near near St. Augustine" by Francisco Menendez and 100 formerly enslaved africans

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Match civilizations with locations, innovations, crops, and governance. Explore the Salem Witch Trials, causes, and legacy. Questions cover ancient history and early American settlement.

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