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Questions and Answers
Imagine a ballerina doing a pirouette. Which anatomical axis is the primary axis of rotation for this movement?
Imagine a ballerina doing a pirouette. Which anatomical axis is the primary axis of rotation for this movement?
A baseball pitcher throwing a fastball demonstrates a complex motion. Which movement BEST describes what the pitcher's forearm does as the ball is released?
A baseball pitcher throwing a fastball demonstrates a complex motion. Which movement BEST describes what the pitcher's forearm does as the ball is released?
A dancer performs a développé, extending one leg to the side. Which of these correctly describes the movement of the extended leg?
A dancer performs a développé, extending one leg to the side. Which of these correctly describes the movement of the extended leg?
When a patient is lying flat on their back with their arms at their sides and palms facing upwards, which anatomical plane are they positioned in?
When a patient is lying flat on their back with their arms at their sides and palms facing upwards, which anatomical plane are they positioned in?
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Consider a gymnast performing a cartwheel. Which anatomical planes are involved in this movement?
Consider a gymnast performing a cartwheel. Which anatomical planes are involved in this movement?
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A person is performing a shoulder shrug. Which anatomical term BEST describes the movement of the shoulder joint?
A person is performing a shoulder shrug. Which anatomical term BEST describes the movement of the shoulder joint?
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A patient with a knee injury is told to avoid 'hyperextension' of the knee. What does this instruction mean in terms of the knee joint?
A patient with a knee injury is told to avoid 'hyperextension' of the knee. What does this instruction mean in terms of the knee joint?
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Which movement of the ankle involves pointing the toes downwards?
Which movement of the ankle involves pointing the toes downwards?
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A sprinter is preparing for a 100-meter dash. In terms of the principles of biomechanics, which joint should they engage last in their preparatory phase for maximum velocity?
A sprinter is preparing for a 100-meter dash. In terms of the principles of biomechanics, which joint should they engage last in their preparatory phase for maximum velocity?
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A gymnast performing a back handspring on the balance beam is demonstrating which biomechanical principle?
A gymnast performing a back handspring on the balance beam is demonstrating which biomechanical principle?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting physical growth and development?
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting physical growth and development?
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A patient with COPD experiences restricted breathing due to inflammation and scarring. Which component of human development is primarily affected by this condition?
A patient with COPD experiences restricted breathing due to inflammation and scarring. Which component of human development is primarily affected by this condition?
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A young athlete is learning to perform a new skill, like a baseball pitch. Which stage of motor learning is the athlete likely in when they are repeatedly practicing the pitch with consistent feedback from their coach?
A young athlete is learning to perform a new skill, like a baseball pitch. Which stage of motor learning is the athlete likely in when they are repeatedly practicing the pitch with consistent feedback from their coach?
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A marathon runner consumes a high-carbohydrate diet before a race. Which type of carbohydrate is most beneficial for providing sustained energy during extended periods of physical activity?
A marathon runner consumes a high-carbohydrate diet before a race. Which type of carbohydrate is most beneficial for providing sustained energy during extended periods of physical activity?
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Which of the following is a psychological skill that can help athletes enhance their performance?
Which of the following is a psychological skill that can help athletes enhance their performance?
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A weightlifter applies force downwards on a barbell during a squat. According to Newton's laws of motion, what kind of force is the weightlifter exerting?
A weightlifter applies force downwards on a barbell during a squat. According to Newton's laws of motion, what kind of force is the weightlifter exerting?
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A high jumper attempts to clear a bar. What is the primary factor influencing their ability to stay airborne?
A high jumper attempts to clear a bar. What is the primary factor influencing their ability to stay airborne?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of stability according to the principles of biomechanics?
Which of the following is NOT a component of stability according to the principles of biomechanics?
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A soccer player is practicing penalty kicks. Which type of feedback is most helpful during this practice?
A soccer player is practicing penalty kicks. Which type of feedback is most helpful during this practice?
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A basketball player is attempting a free throw. What is the effect of the ball's spin on its flight path?
A basketball player is attempting a free throw. What is the effect of the ball's spin on its flight path?
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Which of the following nutrients is essential for building and repairing tissues?
Which of the following nutrients is essential for building and repairing tissues?
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A cyclist is training at a high intensity for a short period. Which type of energy source is primarily used during this high-intensity activity?
A cyclist is training at a high intensity for a short period. Which type of energy source is primarily used during this high-intensity activity?
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A child is experiencing a growth spurt. What is the primary factor driving this rapid growth?
A child is experiencing a growth spurt. What is the primary factor driving this rapid growth?
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Which of these is LEAST likely to affect daily caloric needs?
Which of these is LEAST likely to affect daily caloric needs?
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Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by the muscle producing force without changing length?
Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by the muscle producing force without changing length?
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What is a common feature of synovial joints?
What is a common feature of synovial joints?
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Which bone classification includes bones with varied shapes, such as vertebrae?
Which bone classification includes bones with varied shapes, such as vertebrae?
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Which energy system is utilized for quick bursts of activity lasting around 10-15 seconds?
Which energy system is utilized for quick bursts of activity lasting around 10-15 seconds?
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Which nutrient is NOT considered a key energy nutrient?
Which nutrient is NOT considered a key energy nutrient?
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What condition is characterized by the weakening of bones due to low bone mass?
What condition is characterized by the weakening of bones due to low bone mass?
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Which type of joint allows for rotation around a single axis, as seen in the neck?
Which type of joint allows for rotation around a single axis, as seen in the neck?
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What part of the heart acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical signals?
What part of the heart acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical signals?
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Which type of skeletal muscle fiber is characterized by being fatigue-resistant and primarily aerobic?
Which type of skeletal muscle fiber is characterized by being fatigue-resistant and primarily aerobic?
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What is the term for the maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction?
What is the term for the maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction?
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Which process refers to gas exchange at the tissue level?
Which process refers to gas exchange at the tissue level?
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Which medical condition is typically associated with pain in the tibia often resulting from overuse?
Which medical condition is typically associated with pain in the tibia often resulting from overuse?
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Which major role is NOT attributed to the skeletal system?
Which major role is NOT attributed to the skeletal system?
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Which type of energy system produces lactic acid as a byproduct?
Which type of energy system produces lactic acid as a byproduct?
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The elbow joint allows for flexion and extension of the arm. Which anatomical axis is the primary axis of rotation for these movements?
The elbow joint allows for flexion and extension of the arm. Which anatomical axis is the primary axis of rotation for these movements?
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Which movement involves turning the palm of the hand upward, as if holding a bowl of soup?
Which movement involves turning the palm of the hand upward, as if holding a bowl of soup?
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You are performing a side bend, bringing your right ear towards your right shoulder. Which anatomical plane is this movement primarily occurring in?
You are performing a side bend, bringing your right ear towards your right shoulder. Which anatomical plane is this movement primarily occurring in?
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When you raise your arms up above your head, which movement is occurring at the shoulder joint?
When you raise your arms up above your head, which movement is occurring at the shoulder joint?
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Which of the following movements would NOT be considered a type of rotation?
Which of the following movements would NOT be considered a type of rotation?
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Standing on your tiptoes involves which specific ankle movement?
Standing on your tiptoes involves which specific ankle movement?
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Reaching your arm across your body to touch your opposite shoulder involves which movements?
Reaching your arm across your body to touch your opposite shoulder involves which movements?
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A gymnast performs a handstand. Which anatomical plane is the body primarily oriented in?
A gymnast performs a handstand. Which anatomical plane is the body primarily oriented in?
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Which of the following factors is MOST likely to directly influence a person's chronological age?
Which of the following factors is MOST likely to directly influence a person's chronological age?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a category of fundamental movement skills (FMS)?
Which of the following is NOT considered a category of fundamental movement skills (FMS)?
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During the cognitive stage of motor learning, what is the primary focus of the learner?
During the cognitive stage of motor learning, what is the primary focus of the learner?
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Which of these biomechanical principles is MOST directly related to the concept of "generating momentum"?
Which of these biomechanical principles is MOST directly related to the concept of "generating momentum"?
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What is the primary function of the nervous system in relation to physical growth and development?
What is the primary function of the nervous system in relation to physical growth and development?
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Which of the following is NOT a valid measure of age?
Which of the following is NOT a valid measure of age?
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Which type of carbohydrate is ideal for fueling prolonged, low-intensity physical activity like a marathon?
Which type of carbohydrate is ideal for fueling prolonged, low-intensity physical activity like a marathon?
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Which of Newton's laws of motion explains why we need to apply force to accelerate an object?
Which of Newton's laws of motion explains why we need to apply force to accelerate an object?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a psychological skill used in sports psychology?
Which of the following is NOT considered a psychological skill used in sports psychology?
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Which of the following is the LEAST likely factor to influence an athlete's daily caloric need?
Which of the following is the LEAST likely factor to influence an athlete's daily caloric need?
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The production of maximum velocity in a movement is achieved by using joints in a specific order. Which of the following BEST describes this order?
The production of maximum velocity in a movement is achieved by using joints in a specific order. Which of the following BEST describes this order?
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Which type of feedback is MOST useful in improving the technique of a specific movement?
Which type of feedback is MOST useful in improving the technique of a specific movement?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a component of stability (balance) according to the principles of biomechanics?
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of stability (balance) according to the principles of biomechanics?
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Which of these is MOST likely to be directly affected by restricted breathing caused by inflamed airways?
Which of these is MOST likely to be directly affected by restricted breathing caused by inflamed airways?
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Which of the following is an example of an external force acting on the human body?
Which of the following is an example of an external force acting on the human body?
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What is the main function of the skeletal system related to mineral storage?
What is the main function of the skeletal system related to mineral storage?
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Which classification of bone is represented by the patella?
Which classification of bone is represented by the patella?
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Which type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle generates force without changing its length?
Which type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle generates force without changing its length?
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Which joint type allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which joint type allows for the greatest range of motion?
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What condition is characterized by small cracks in bones due to excessive use?
What condition is characterized by small cracks in bones due to excessive use?
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What defines the term 'VO2max'?
What defines the term 'VO2max'?
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Which structure of the heart initiates electrical signals?
Which structure of the heart initiates electrical signals?
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What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
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Which of the following muscle fiber types is characterized by quick contraction without oxygen usage?
Which of the following muscle fiber types is characterized by quick contraction without oxygen usage?
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Which feature is NOT associated with synovial joints?
Which feature is NOT associated with synovial joints?
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Which cardiovascular condition involves the narrowing of coronary arteries?
Which cardiovascular condition involves the narrowing of coronary arteries?
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What type of joint allows movement primarily in one plane, such as in the elbow?
What type of joint allows movement primarily in one plane, such as in the elbow?
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Which type of energy system primarily provides energy for sustained efforts during prolonged exercise?
Which type of energy system primarily provides energy for sustained efforts during prolonged exercise?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position and Terms
- Anatomical position: Standing upright, facing forward, feet together, arms slightly out to the sides, palms forward. This is the standard reference point for describing body parts.
- Anterior/Posterior: Anterior = front; Posterior = back (e.g., sternum is anterior to the heart).
- Superior/Inferior: Superior = above; Inferior = below.
- Medial/Lateral: Medial = closer to the midline; Lateral = further from the midline.
- Proximal/Distal: Proximal = closer to attachment point; Distal = further from attachment point.
Anatomical Planes and Axes
- Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior sections.
- Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into upper and lower segments.
- Sagittal (Median) Plane: Divides body into left and right halves.
- Horizontal Axis: Extends side to side.
- Longitudinal (Polar) Axis: Runs vertically (head to toe).
- Antero-posterior Axis: Extends front to back.
- Body movements are described based on the plane they occur in, and the axis they rotate around (the axis is perpendicular to the plane).
Types of Body Movement
- Flexion/Extension: Flexion = bend (decreased angle); Extension = straighten (increased angle).
- Abduction/Adduction: Abduction = move away from midline; Adduction = move towards midline.
- Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion: Plantar flexion = point toes down; Dorsiflexion = point toes up.
- Supination/Pronation: Supination = palm forward; Pronation = palm backward.
- Inversion/Eversion: Inversion = sole inwards; Eversion = sole outwards.
- External/Internal Rotation: External = outwards; Internal = inwards.
- Elevation/Depression: Elevation = raise; Depression = lower.
- Circumduction: Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Skeletal System
- Function: Support, protect organs, enable movement, store minerals, produce blood cells.
- Composition: Adult skeleton has 206 bones.
- Axial Skeleton: Skull, spine, and ribcage.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs.
- Bone Landmarks: Ridges, bumps, and other features on bone surfaces.
- Bone Classification:
- Long Bones: Found in limbs (e.g., femur).
- Short Bones: Found in wrist and ankle (e.g., carpals).
- Flat Bones: Thin and flat (e.g., skull bones).
- Irregular Bones: Varied shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
- Sesamoid Bones: Small bones within tendons (e.g., patella).
- Common Bone Injuries and Diseases:
- Fractures: Breaks in bones, often trauma-related.
- Stress Fractures: Small cracks from overuse.
- Shin Splints: Pain in tibia, often overuse.
- Osteoporosis: Weakening of bones.
Articular System
- Joints: Classified by structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (range and type of movement).
- Synovial Joints: Contain articular cartilage, joint capsule, cavity, bursae, and ligaments.
- Types of synovial joints:
- Ball-and-socket: Hip
- Gliding: Ankle
- Hinge: Knee, elbow
- Pivot: Neck
- Saddle: Thumb
- Ellipsoid: Wrist
Muscular System
- Function: Support, movement, protect organs, store calcium and phosphorus.
- Muscle Types: Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
- Muscle Contraction Types: Isometric, concentric (inward), and eccentric (outward).
- Muscle Naming: Based on action, location, shape, fiber direction, number of divisions, or attachment points.
- Agonist/Antagonist: Muscles working in opposing pairs. Muscles contract (agonist); opposing muscle relaxes (antagonist)
Energy Systems and Physical Activity
- Energy Nutrients: Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- ATP: Universal energy molecule.
- Three Metabolic Pathways:
- ATP-PC (anaerobic alactic): Quick, intense bursts (10-15 s).
- Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic): Longer bursts (90 s), produces lactic acid.
- Cellular Respiration (aerobic): Main energy source for endurance.
- Muscle Fiber Types:
- Slow-twitch (Type I): Red, slow, fatigue-resistant..
- Fast-twitch (Type IIA and IIB): Pale, fast, powerful but less endurance.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
- Heart: Double pump (pulmonary and systemic circulation).
- Skeletal Muscle Pump: Aids venous return.
- Cardiac Cycle: Diastole (relaxation/filling); systole (contraction/ejection).
- Blood Pressure: Systolic (high); Diastolic (low).
- Heart's Electrical Conduction System: SA node (pacemaker).
- Breathing (Ventilation): Inspiration (active); Expiration (passive or active).
- Gas Exchange: Occurs in lungs (external) and tissues (internal).
- Respiratory system zones:
- Conductive zone: Transports air to the lungs.
- Respiratory zone: Where gas exchange occurs (alveoli).
Human Growth and Development
- Four Components: Physical, cognitive, social, and emotional.
- Stages: Infancy/toddlerhood, childhood, puberty/adolescence, adulthood.
- Factors Affecting Growth: Genetics, nutrition, physical activity, sociocultural factors; hormonal activity, heredity.
Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition
- Motor Learning: Developing task performance through physical and psychological factors.
- Stages: Cognitive, associative, autonomous.
- Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS): Foundation for physical literacy.
- Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD): Emphasizes early FMS development.
- Feedback: Essential for skill improvement.
- Knowledge of Performance (KP); Knowledge of Results (KR).
- FMS categories: stability, locomotion, and manipulation.
Biomechanical Theory and Concepts
- Biomechanics: Study of human movement under forces.
- Forces: Pushes or pulls (measured in Newtons).
- External/Internal forces.
- Newton's Laws: Inertia, acceleration, action-reaction.
- Statics/Dynamics.
- Work = Force x Distance; Power = Work/Time.
Biomechanical Principles
- Seven Principles of Biomechanics: stability, force production, velocity production, impulse-momentum, force direction, angular motion, conservation of angular momentum.
Nutrition for Human Performance
- Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats.
- Micronutrients: Vitamins, minerals.
- Carbohydrates (Simple/Complex).
- Glycemic Index.
- Proteins: Tissue building.
- Fats (Unsaturated/Saturated).
- Canada's Food Guide.
- Energy Balance.
- Calories.
- Daily Caloric Needs.
- Types of carbohydrates (simple and complex).
- Glycemic index.
- Types of fats (healthy, unhealthy) and trans fats.
- Nutrition Facts table.
- % Daily Value
- Energy equation and balance.
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Description
Test your knowledge on anatomical positions, terms, and planes in this comprehensive quiz. You'll also explore different types of body movements and their definitions. Perfect for students studying anatomy or related fields!
