Anatomy Terminology Quiz

Anatomical Position

A standardized position used to describe the location of body structures.
Used as an international medical standard for accurate communication.
Involves standing upright, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.

Directional Terms

Describe the external direction of body parts.
Used to describe parts observable by the naked eye.
Left & Right: Refer to the left and right sides of the body in the anatomical position, not the observer's left and right.
Anterior & Posterior:
- Anterior (ventral) refers to the front of the body.
- Posterior (dorsal) refers to the back of the body.
Superior & Inferior:
- Superior refers to structures above another, towards the head.
- Inferior refers to structures below another, towards the feet.
Proximal & Distal:
- Only used when describing two points on the same limb (arms and legs).
- Proximal refers to a point closer to the limb's attachment.
- Distal refers to a point farther from the limb's attachment.
- Example: The knee is proximal to the ankle.
Medial & Lateral:
- Medial refers to a point closer to the midline of the body.
- Lateral refers to a point farther from the midline of the body.
- Example: The thumb is lateral to the middle finger.

Anatomical Planes

Used to visualize internal structures by dividing the body into slices.
Sagittal Plane: A lengthwise cut dividing the body into left and right portions.
- Mid-sagittal Plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves.
- Para-sagittal Plane: Divides the body into unequal left and right portions.
Frontal (Coronal) Plane: A sideways cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: A horizontal cut dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
Oblique Plane: A diagonal cut.

Major Regions of the Body

Axial Portion: Includes the head, neck, and trunk. Breakdown of the regions within Axial Portion:
- Head & Neck:
  - Orbital: Region around the eye.
  - Otic: Region around the ears.
  - Nasal: Region around the nose.
  - Buccal: Cheek region.
  - Oral: Mouth region.
  - Cephalic: Head region.
  - Cranial: Skull region.
  - Facial: Face region.
  - Cervical: Neck region.
- Anterior Trunk:
  - Sternal & Pectoral (chest): Chest area.
  - Abdominal & Umbilical (navel): Stomach and navel region.
  - Inguinal (groin) & Pubic: Groin and pubic area.
- Posterior Trunk:
  - Vertebral (spinal column) & Scapular (shoulder blade): Backbone and shoulder blade region.
  - Dorsum (back) & Lumbar (lower back): Back and lower back region.
  - Sacral (between hips): Region between the hips.
  - Gluteal (buttocks): Buttocks region.
- Lateral Trunk:
  - Coxal & Axillary: Hip and armpit region.
- Inferior Trunk:
  - Genital (reproductive organs) & Perineal (between genital and anus): Reproductive organs and area between the genitals and anus.
Appendicular Portion: Includes the limbs (arms and legs). Breakdown of the regions within Appendicular Portion:
- Upper Limb:
  - Deltoid: Shoulder region.
  - Brachial & Antebrachial (forearm): Arm and forearm region.
  - Cubital: Elbow region.
  - Carpal: Wrist region.
  - Palmar: Palm region.
  - Digital: Fingers region.
- Lower Limb:
  - Femoral (thigh): Thigh region.
  - Patellar & Popliteal: Knee cap and behind the knee region.
  - Crural (leg) & Sural (calf): Leg and calf region.
  - Tarsal: Ankle region.
  - Pedal (foot) & Plantar (sole): Foot and sole region.
  - Digitals: Toes region.

Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS): Responsible for executing motor responses and regulating body mechanisms.
- Brain: The control center for processing information.
- Spinal Cord: Transmits signals between the brain and the body, also involved in reflexes.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nervous tissues outside the CNS. Facilitates communication between the CNS and the rest of the body.
- Nerves:
  - Cranial Nerves: Control sensations and movements of the head and neck.
  - Spinal Nerves: Carry signals to and from the limbs and trunk.
Sensory (Afferent) Nerves: Carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS.
Motor (Efferent) Nerves: Carry information from the CNS to muscles and glands.
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Responsible for voluntary actions.
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Responsible for involuntary functions.

The Brain

Cerebrum:
- Two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.
- Left Hemisphere: Controls the right side of the body, associated with logic, reasoning, and math.
- Right Hemisphere: Controls the left side of the body, associated with emotion, creativity, and art.
- Corpus Callosum: A bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres.
Lobes of the Brain:
- Frontal Lobe (front): Responsible for body movement, reasoning, emotions, problem-solving, and thinking.
  - Olfactory Nerve: Responsible for smell.
  - Gustatory Cortex: Responsible for taste.
- Parietal Lobe (top): Responsible for processing sensory information, like touch, temperature, and pain.
- Temporal Lobe (side): Responsible for processing auditory information (hearing), speech, and memory.
- Occipital Lobe (back): Responsible for visual processing.
Cerebellum:
- Coordinates movement.
- Controls posture, balance, and other complex motor functions.
- Lobes of the Cerebellum:
  - Anterior Lobe: Controls voluntary movements.
  - Posterior Lobe: Fine-tunes movements.
  - Flocculonodular Lobe: Maintains balance and posture.
Brainstem:
- Connects the brain and spinal cord.
- Controls vital functions like breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heartbeat, sleep, body temperature, digestion, and swallowing.
- Consists of:
  - Midbrain: Responsible for visual and auditory reflexes, and motor coordination.
  - Pons: Acts as a bridge between different parts of the brain and regulates sleep and respiration.
  - Medulla Oblongata: Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
Diencephalon:
- Thalamus: Relays sensory and motor information.
- Hypothalamus: Regulates autonomic functions (hunger, thirst, body temperature), and controls the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
Limbic System:
- Hippocampus: Involved in memory formation and spatial navigation.
- Amygdala: Involved in the formation of new memories, spatial navigation, and converting short-term memories into long-term memories..