Anatomy: Skeletal System Overview

• The document presents an overview of the skeletal system, focusing on terminology, anatomical positions, planes, axes, relationships, and the specific bones and structures of the axial and appendicular skeleton

Introduction and Terminology

• Anatomical position refers to a person standing upright with feet together, hands by their side, and head and palms facing forward

Anatomical Planes

• Planum sagittale divides the body into left and right portions
• Planum frontale divides the body into front and back portions
• Planum horizontale divides the body into top and bottom portions

Anatomical Axes

• The vertical axis runs superior to inferior
• The sagittal axis runs anterior to posterior
• The frontal axis runs lateral to medial

Terms of Relationship

• Anterior indicates the front
• Posterior indicates the back
• Superior indicates towards the head
• Inferior indicates towards the feet
• Medianus refers to the middle
• Medialis means toward the midline
• Lateralis means to the side

Terms of Comparison

• Proximalis indicates toward the trunk
• Distalis indicates away from the trunk
• Palmaris refers to the palm of the hand
• Plantaris refers to the sole of the foot
• Superficialis indicates toward the surface
• Profundus indicates toward the center

Terms of Movement

• Flexio decreases the angle at a joint
• Extensio increases the angle of a joint
• Abductio moves away from the midline
• Adductio moves toward the midline
• Pronatio rotates the palm posterior or down
• Supinatio rotates the palm anterior or up
• Rotatio externa turns anterior surface laterally
• Rotatio interna turns anterior surface medially
• Circumductio moves the distal end in a circle, forming a cone

Terms of Attachment

• Origin refers to the fixed attachment point
• Insertion refers to the movable attachment point

Systema Skeletale - Skeletal System

• The skeleton axiale includes the cranium, columna vertebralis, and skeleton thoracis
• The skeleton appendiculare includes the ossa membri superioris and ossa membri inferioris

Truncus, Ossa Trunci - Trunk, Bones of the Trunk

• Columna vertebralis is the vertebral column or spine
• Pars cervicalis is the cervical part of the spine, containing 7 cervical vertebrae
• Pars thoracica is the thoracic part of the spine, containing 12 thoracic vertebrae
• Pars lumbalis is the lumbar part of the spine, containing 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Pars sacralis is the sacral part of the spine and contains 5 sacral vertebrae
• Pars coccygea is the coccygeal part of the spine, which contains 3 - 4 coccygeal vertebrae

Vertebra

• Corpus vertebrae the vertebral body
• Arcus vertebrae forms the vertebral arch
• Foramen vertebrale is the vertebral foramen (opening)
• Canalis vertebralis is the vertebral canal
• Incisura vertebralis superior is the superior vertebral notch
• Incisura vertebralis inferior is the inferior vertebral notch
• Foramen intervertebrale is the intervertebral foramen
• Processus articularis superior, also known as zygapophysis superior, the superior articular process
• Facies articularis superior is the superior articular surface
• Processus articularis inferior, also known as zygapophysis inferior, the inferior articular process
• Facies articularis inferior is the inferior articular surface
• Processus transversus are transverse processes
• Processus spinosus is the spinous process

Vertebrae Cervicales (7) - Cervical Vertebrae

• Typical cervical vertebrae are vertebrae 3-5
• All cervical vertebrae have the foramen transversarium
• Atypical cervical vertebrae are vertebrae 1, 2, 6, and 7
• Atlas is the 1st cervical vertebra
  • The atlas lacks both a corpus and processus spinosus
  • Arcus anterior forms the anterior arch
  • Fovea dentis is the facet for the dens
  • Arcus posterior forms the posterior arch
  • Sulcus arteriae vertebralis is the groove for the vertebral artery
  • Massa lateralis forms the lateral mass
  • Facies articularis superior forms the superior articular facet
  • Facies articularis inferior forms the inferior articular surface

Axis - 2nd Cervical Vertebra

• Dens is a tooth-like process

  • Facies articularis anterior is the anterior articular surface
  • Facies articularis posterior is the posterior articular surface
  • Apex dentis is the top of the dens

• The 6th cervical vertebra features the tuberculum caroticum, otherwise known as carotid tubercle

Vertebra Prominens - 7th Cervical Vertebra

• The 7th cervical vertebra is also know as the vertebra prominens

Vertebrae Thoracicae (12) - Thoracic Vertebrae

• Typical thoracic vertebrae are vertebrae 2 - 9

  • Fovea costalis superior is the superior costal facet
  • Fovea costalis inferior is the inferior costal facet
  • Fovea costalis processus transversi is the transverse costal facet

• Atypical thoracic vertebrae are vertebrae 1, 10, 11, and 12

Vertebrae Lumbales (5) - Lumbar Vertebrae

• The processus costalis, also known as processus costiformis, is the costal process

Os Sacrum (5 Vertebrae Sacrales) - Sacral Vertebrae

• Basis ossis sacri is the base of the sacrum

  • Promontorium is the promontory
  • Processus articularis superior is the superior articular process

• Apex ossis sacri is the apex of the sacrum

• Facies pelvica is the pelvic surface

  • Lineae transversae are transverse lines
  • Foramina sacralia anteriora are pelvic sacral foramen

• Facies dorsalis is the dorsal surface

  • Crista sacralis mediana is the median sacral crest
  • Foramina sacralia posteriora are dorsal sacral foramen
  • Canalis sacralis is the sacral canal
  • Hiatus sacralis is the sacral hiatus
  • Cornu sacrale is the sacral horn

• Pars lateralis is the lateral part

  • Facies auricularis is the auricular surface
  • Tuberositas ossis sacri is the sacral tuberosity

Os Coccygis (3-4 Vertebrae Coccygeae) - Coccyx

• Vertebrae coccygeae are coccygeal vertebrae
• Cornu coccygeum is the coccygeal horn

Costae - Ribs (12)

• Costa refers to a rib
• Costae verae are ribs 1-7
• Costae spuriae are ribs 8-12
• Costae fluctuantes are ribs 11 and 12
• Cartilago costalis is costal cartilage

Typical Ribs - RIbs 2-10

• Caput costae is the head of the rib -Facies articularis capitis costae are the articular facets of the rib's head -Crista capitis costae is the crest of the rib's head
• Collum costae is the neck of the rib
• Tuberculum costae is the costal tubercle -Facies articularis tuberculi costae is the articular facet of the costal tubercle
• Corpus costae is the body of the rib
• Sulcus costae is the costal groove
• Angulus costae is the angle of the rib

Atypical ribs

• Are the 1st, 11th, and 12th ribs

Costa Prima - 1st Rib Facts

• Contains superior and lower surfaces
• Tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris - tubercle for the anterior scaleni muscle
  • Sulcus venae subclaviae – groove of the subclavian vein
  • Sulcus arteriae subclaviae – groove of the subclavian artery
• Contains an external margin and an inner margin

Sternum - Breastbone

• Manubrium sterni is the manubrium sterni -Incisura jugularis - jugular notch -Incisura clavicularis (2) - clavicular notch -Incisura costalis (2) - costal notch
• Corpus sterni - body of the sternum -Incisurae costales (6) - costal notches
• Angulus sterni or the sternal angle
• Processus xiphoideus - xiphoid process

Membrum Superius - Arm

• Cingulum membri superioris (pectorale) - shoulder (pectoral) girdle
• Pars libera membri superioris - free upper limb
• Brachium - upper arm
• Antebrachium - forearm
• Manus - hand
  • Carpus - wrist
  • Metacarpus - metacarpus
  • Digiti manus - fingers

Ossa Membri Superioris - Bones

• Scapula- Shoulder blade
  • Margo medialis - Medial Margin
  • Margo lateralis - Lateral Margin
  • Margo superior - Superior Margin
  • Incisura scapulae - Scapular Notch
  • Angulus inferior - Inferior Angle
  • Angulus superior - Superior Angle
  • Angulus lateralis - Lateral Angle
    • Cavitas glenoidalis - glenoid cavity
    • Tuberculum supraglenoidale - supraglenoid tubercle
    • Tuberculum infraglenoidale - infraglenoid tubercle
  • Collum scapulae - Neck of the scapula
  • Processus coracoideus - Coracoid Process
  • Foss subscapularis - subscapular fossa
• Facies posterior - Dorsal Surface
  • Spina scapulae - Spine of the Scapula
    • Acromion - the Acromion
    • Facies articularis acromii - articular facet of the acromii
  • Fossa supraspinata - Supraspinous fossa
  • Fossa infraspinata - infraspinous fossa

Clavicula - Collar bone

• Extremitas sternalis is the sternal end
  • Facies articularis sternalis is the sternal articular.
• Corpus claviculae is the body of the clavicle
• Extremitas acromialis is the acromial end
  • Facies articularis acromialis – acromial articular

Humerus - Arm Bone

• Epiphysis proximalis - proximal end
  • Caput humeri - head of the humerus
  • Collum anatomicum - anatomical neck
  • Tuberculum majus - greater tubercle
    • Crista tuberculi majoris - crest of the greater tubercle
  • Tuberculum minus - lesser tubercle
    • Crista tuberculi minoris - crest of the lesser tubercle
  • Sulcus intertubercularis - intertubercle groove
  • Collum chirurgicum - surgical neck
• Corpus humeri - body of the humerus
  • Facies anteromedialis – antero-medial surface
  • Facies anterolateralis – antero-lateral surface
  • Facies posterior – posterior surface
  • Margo medialis – medial margin
  • Margo lateralis - lateral margin
  • Tuberositas deltoidea - deltoid tuberosity
  • Sulcus n. radialis – groove of the radial nerve
• Epiphysis distalis - distal (lower) end
  • Condylus humeri – condyle of the humerus
    • Capitulum humeri – capitulum of the humerus
    • Trochlea humeri – the trochlea of the humerus
    • Fossa radialis – radial fossa
    • Fossa coronoidea – coronoid fossa
    • Fossa olecrani – olecranon fossa
  • Epicondylus lateralis – lateral epicondyle
  • Epicondylus medialis – medial epicondyle
  • Sulcus n. ulnaris – groove of the ulnar nerve.

Radius Structure

• The radius is a long bone
• Epiphysis proximalis - upper (proximal) end
  • Caput radii - head of the radius
  • Fovea articularis - fovea of the head of the radius
  • Circumferentia articularis - articular circumference
• Collum radii - neck of the radius
• Corpus radii - the body of the radius, shaft
  • Facies anterior - anterior surface
  • Tuberositas radii - radial tuberosity
  • Facies posterior - posterior surface
  • Facies lateralis - lateral surface
  • Margo anterior - anterior margin
  • Margo posterior - posterior margin
  • Margo interosseus - interosseus margin
• Epiphysis distalis - lower (distal) end
  • Processus styloideus - styloid process
  • Incisura ulnaris - ulnar notch
  • Facies articularis carpalis - carpal articular surface

Ulna Bone

• Epiphysis proximalis - proximal end
  • Olecranon – hook-like process (olecranon)
  • Processus coronoideus – coronoid process
    • Incisura trochlearis - trochlear notch
    • Incisura radialis - radial notch
  • Tuberositas ulnae – ulnar tuberosity
• Corpus ulnae – the body (shaft)
  • Facies anterior – anterior surface
  • Facies posterior – posterior surface
  • Facies medialis – medial surface
  • Margo anterior – anterior margin
  • Margo posterior – posterior margin
  • Margo interosseus – interosseus margin
• Epiphysis distalis – distal end
  • Caput ulnae – head of the ulna
    • Processus styloideus – styloid process
    • Circumferentia articularis – articular circumference

Ossa Manus - Hand

• Ossa Carpi Bones
  • Os scaphoideum - scaphoid bone
  • Os lunatum - lunate bone
  • Os triquetrum – triquetrum bone
  • Os pisiforme - pisiform bone
  • Os trapezium - trapezium bone
  • Os trapezoideum – trapezoid bone
  • Os capitatum - capitate bone
  • Os hamatum - hamate bone
• Ossa Metacarpi (I – V) - the metacarpal bones
  • Basis ossis metacarpi
  • Corpus ossis metacarpi
  • Caput ossis metacarpi
• Ossa Digitorum; Phalanges
• Phalanx proximalis - proximal phalanx
• Phalanx media – medial phalanx
• Phalanx distalis - distal phalanx
  • Basis phalangis - the base of the phalanx
  • Corpus phalangis - body of the phalanx
  • Caput phalangis – head of the phalanx
  • Tuberositas phalangis distalis – tuberosity of the distal phalanx.
• Ossea sesamoidea- sesamoid bones:

Ossa Membri Inferioris - Leg

• Cingulum pelvicum s. cingulum membri inferioris - pelvic girdle
• Pars libera membrum inferioris - free lower limb
  • Femur - thigh
  • Crus - lower leg
  • Pes - foot
    • Tarsus - tarsus
    • Metatarsus - metatarsus
    • Digiti pedis – toe
• Os coxae - hip bone
  • Os ilium - the ilium
  • Os ischil - the ischium
  • Os pubis is the pubis

Acetabulum structure

- Facies Lunate - Lunate Articular Surface
    - Fossa acetabuli - acetabular fossa
    -Incisura acetabuli - acetabular notch

• Foramen obturatum structure - obturator foramen.

Os Ilium structure

  - Corpus Ossis Ilii - Body
  - Ala Ossis Ilii - Ala
    - Linea arcuata - arcuate line
   -  Crista iliaca - iliac crest
        - Spina Iliaca Anterior Superior - Anterior Upper Iliac Spine
        - Spina Iliaca Anterior Inferior - Anterior Lower Iliac Spine
    - Fossa iliaca - lliac Fossa
- Facies Sacropelvica – Sacropelvica Surface
    - Facies auricularis – auricular surface
    - Tuberositas iliaca – iliac tuberosity

Ischium structure

• The corpus ischi is the body
• The ramus ossis ischii a branch
  • Tuber ischiadicum – ischial tuberosity
  • Spina Ischiadica - Ischial Spine . -Incisura ischiadica minor - lesser ischiatic notch -incisura Ischiadica Major - Greater ischiatic notch

Os Pubis structure

• Corpus Essis Pubis - Body
  • Eminencea lliopulica- lliopublic Eminence
• Ramus Superior Ossis Pubis - Superior Ramus
  • Vecten Ossis Pubis - Public Pecten
• Tuberculum Pubicum structure - Pubic Tubercule -Sulcus Obtoratorius - Obturator Groove -Facies Symphysialis - Symphysial Surface
  • Ramus Interior Ossis Pubis- Inferior Ramus

Femur Bone

• Composed of the Epiphysis Proximalis - Proximal End -Caput Femoris- Head of Thigh -Fovea Capitis Femoris- Fovea of Head of Thigh -Collum Femoris - Neck of Thigh -Trochanter Major - Greater Troochantee -Fossa Trochanterica- Trochanteric Fossa -Trochanter Minor - Lesser Troochantee -Linea lntertrochanterica - lntertrochanteric Line -.Crista lntertrochanterica - lntertrochanteric Crest
• The bones consist of: - Corpus Femoris - Body of Thigh - Linea Aspera- Aspera (Rough) Line -Labium Mediale - Medial Lip : - Labium Laterale - Lateral Lip - Tuberositas Glutea- Gluteal Tuberosity -Linea Pectinea - Pecten Line : - Facies Poplitea - Popliteal Surface -
• The bone contains the Epiphysis Distalis - Lower (Distal End) -Condylus Medialis - Medial Condyle - Facies Articularis Conduli Medialis - MedialCondyle Surface - Epicondylus Medialis - Medial Epicondyle
  • Condylus Lateralis- Lateral Condyle
    • Facies Articularis Conduli Lateralis - Lateral Condyle Surface
    • Epicondylus Lateralis - Lateral Epicondyle
• -- Facies Patellaris- Patellar Surface —
• —Fossa lntercondylaris - lntercondylar Fossa

Patella

• It is the knee cap with a Basis Patellae - Base of Patella and Apex Patellae" - Apex of Patella with a articular surface""Facies Artieularis - Articular Surface.

Tibia - Shin Bone

• Contains the Epiphesis Proximalis and the Proximal End composed of Condylus Medialis and Medial Condyl
• And the Facies Ariculares, Superiors also know as Superior Articular Surfaces
• The Facies Articularis Fibular also known as the Auricular Surface for Fibula
• The Emineitia Intercondylar also intercondyloid Emirence
• The Area Intercondylar Anterior known as the artierior lntercondylar area
  • Also the Aarea lntercondylar Posterior is the part interior Aterior-
• Next is the Diaphysis and the Corpus Tiblae Shaft of Tibia
  • Facies medialis is the Medial Surface
• Facies lateralis is the Lateral Surface
• Facies posterior and the Posterior Surface
• Linea M.Solei also known as the Soleal Muscle Line
• Has a Margo Medialis is the Medial Margin
  • Tuberositas Tiblae" also Tubial Tuberocity
• And contains the Mango Interosseus which is the Interosseus Margin
  • Is the Endophysis Distalis is the Lower Distal End -Malleolus Medialis - Medial Malleolus
• Then is the Facies Articularis a Malleoli Medialis and Artier Surface of Malleos -And the Sulcus Malleolaris known as the Malleolar Groove
• Also the Incisure Fibularis known as Fibular Notch
  • In addition is the Facties Articularis the lnferior" -lnferior Arctic Surface

FIBULA- Calf Bone

• Bone-Epiphysis Proximalis Bones made as Proximal ends with Caput Fibula and Head of Eibula
• The Bone has articularis Capitis Fibulae surface found on Surface Articular Surface of Heat and Fibula -.Bone has shafts so It Corpus Fibiae Shalt on Bone
• Margo lnterosseus"" is the Interosseous marginEpiphysis -Distais Bone"" Distal Bones are there made bones known is Malleolus Lateralis Lateral

Malleolus

Has Surface Made Articularis Malleali and Lateralis- Articular Surface made of Malleolus

• Fossa Malleoli Lateralis = Fossa on Lateral and Malleous