Anatomy Quiz: Upper Extremity Overview
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Questions and Answers

How many bones are present in the upper extremity?

30

What is the name of the single bone found in the upper arm?

Humerus

What are the two bones found in the forearm?

Ulna and Radius

What is the name of the joint formed between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula?

<p>Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that allows the ulna and radius to be connected?

<p>Interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

<p>Attachment sites for muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disc-shaped structure that forms the proximal end of the radius?

<p>Head of the radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three regions of the upper extremity?

<p>Arm, forearm, and hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary bones that fuse to form the hip bone?

<p>The three primary bones that fuse to form the hip bone are the ilium, ischium, and pubis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury is a break in the bony tip of the elbow called?

<p>A break in the bony tip of the elbow is called an olecranon fracture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the most common mechanism of injury for fractures of the radius and ulna.

<p>The most common mechanism of injury for fractures of the radius and ulna is a fall onto an outstretched hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fracture that occurs in the neck of the 5th metacarpal bone?

<p>A fracture in the neck of the 5th metacarpal bone is called a Boxer's fracture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the six regions that make up the lower limb for descriptive purposes.

<p>The six regions of the lower limb are the gluteal region, thigh or femoral region, knee or knee region, leg or leg region, ankle or talocrural region, and foot or foot region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lower limb in the body?

<p>The lower limb is specialized for the transmission of body weight and locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the largest sesamoid bone in the body and where is it located?

<p>The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the patella, also known as the kneecap, and it is located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the femur slanted in the body?

<p>The femur is slanted to allow for balance of the body and to absorb the weight of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the tibia?

<p>The tibia is the weight-bearing medial bone of the leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the fibula in the lower leg.

<p>The fibula provides attachment points for muscles and contributes to the stability of the ankle joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure where the patellar ligament inserts?

<p>The patellar ligament inserts into the tibial tuberosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the two bones that articulate at the knee joint, and describe the type of joint formed.

<p>The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the femur (thigh bone) with the tibia (shin bone). It features a condylar-type synovial joint, allowing for flexion, extension, and some rotation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints in terms of their structure and movement.

<p>The proximal tibiofibular joint is a plane-type synovial joint, allowing for limited gliding movements between the head of the fibula and the tibia. In contrast, the distal tibiofibular joint is a fibrous joint, providing a stable connection between the tibia and fibula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the motion permitted at the ankle (talocrural) joint.

<p>The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, allows for dorsiflexion (lifting the foot up) and plantarflexion (pointing the toes down).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main functions served by the 7 tarsals in the foot?

<p>The tarsals provide support and shock absorption for the foot, as well as facilitating a range of motion for the foot and ankle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what happens during a hip dislocation, and identify the structures involved.

<p>A hip dislocation occurs when the head of the femur (the ball) is displaced from the acetabulum (the socket) of the hip joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Anatomy of Regional Extremities (Upper and Lower Limbs)

  • The upper extremity, or arm, is a functional unit of the upper body, consisting of the upper arm, forearm, and hand.
  • It extends from the shoulder joint to the fingers and contains 30 bones.
  • The upper extremity also includes nerves, blood vessels (arteries and veins), and muscles.
  • The nerves of the arm are supplied by the brachial plexus.
  • The upper limb is divided into three regions: the arm, forearm, and hand.
  • The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm.
  • The ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally) are the paired bones of the forearm.
  • The base of the hand contains eight carpal bones.
  • The palm of the hand is formed by five metacarpal bones.
  • The fingers and thumb contain a total of 14 phalanx bones.

Bones of the Upper Limbs

  • The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region.
  • The head of the humerus is a large, round, smooth region that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
  • The anatomical neck of the humerus is the margin of the smooth area of the head.
  • The greater tubercle is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus.
  • The lesser tubercle is located on the anterior aspect of the proximal humerus.
  • Both the greater and lesser tubercles serve as attachment sites for muscles that act across the shoulder joint.

Ulna and Radius

  • The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is on the lateral side.
  • These bones are attached to each other by an interosseous membrane.
  • The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm and runs parallel to the radius.
  • The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus as part of the elbow joint.

Bones of Wrist and Hand

  • The eight carpal bones form the base of the hand.
  • These bones are arranged into proximal and distal rows of four bones each.
  • The metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand.
  • The thumb and fingers consist of the phalanx bones.

Joints of the Upper Limb

  • Acromioclavicular Joint: An articulation in the shoulder region between the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula. It is a plane type synovial joint.
  • Sternoclavicular Joint: A saddle-type synovial joint that links the upper limb to the trunk. Formed by the sternal end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum.
  • First costal cartilage: The articular surfaces are covered with fibrocartilage, separated into two compartments by a fibrocartilaginous articular disc.

Shoulder Joint

  • The shoulder joint is formed by an articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
  • The articulating surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage.
  • The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilage rim that reduces the disproportion in surfaces.

Elbow Joint

  • The elbow is a hinge-type synovial joint.
  • It consists of two separate articulations: the trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus, and the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus.
  • The proximal radioulnar joint is also located within the elbow joint capsule.

Radio-ulnar Joint

  • The radioulnar joints are two locations where the radius and ulna articulate in the forearm.
  • Proximal radioulnar joint (near elbow): Articulation between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna.
  • Distal radioulnar joint (near wrist): Articulation between the ulnar notch of the radius and the ulnar head.
  • Both are pivot joints, responsible for pronation and supination of the forearm.

Wrist Joint

  • The wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) is a condyloid-type synovial joint.
  • It articulates between the distal end of the radius and the articular disc, and the proximal row of carpal bones (except the pisiform).
  • The ulna does not articulate directly with the carpal bones but with the radius proximally.

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

  • Articulation between the metacarpal head and the base of the proximal phalanx.
  • Five joints in each hand (one for each digit).

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

  • Articulation between the proximal and middle phalanges located in the center of the fingers.
  • Facilitates flexion and extension, contributing to fine motor control.

Distal Interphalangeal Joint

  • Saddle joints formed by the distal trochlea of the medial phalanges and the articulating fossae of the distal phalanges.

Lower Extremity Introduction

  • The lower limb is specialized for weight transmission and locomotion.
  • Descriptive purposes divide the lower limb into six regions: gluteal, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot.

Bones of the Lower Limb

  • Each region of the lower limb contains 31 bones.
  • Hip bone (innominate) comprises the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • Femur is the thigh bone.
  • Patella is the kneecap.
  • Tibia and fibula are the leg bones (tibia is medial, fibula is lateral).
  • Tarsals (7 bones) form the ankle.
  • Metatarsals (5 bones) form the foot's sole.
  • Phalanges (14 bones) make up the toes.

Hip Bone

  • A large, irregular bone formed by the fusion of three primary bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Femur

  • The longest and strongest bone in the body.
  • It is shaped to allow for balance and absorb weight.
  • Features include the head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, and the body/shaft.

Patella

  • Is the largest sesamoid bone, located within the quadriceps femoris tendon.
  • It articulates with the femur, but not the tibia.

Tibia and Fibula

  • Tibia is the medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg.
  • Fibula is the lateral bone, providing muscle attachments; less involved in weight-bearing.
  • Key features include medial and lateral condyles, and the malleoli.

Tarsals

  • A set of seven bones that form the ankle bone complex.
  • Key bones include talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuneiforms (3 cuboid bones).

Metatarsals

  • Miniature long bones numbered from medial to lateral.
  • They form the foot's sole, with five in total.

Phalanges

  • Fourteen phalanges, two in the great toe and three in each of the other toes.

Hip Joint

  • Ball-and-socket synovial joint between the acetabulum and the femoral head.

Knee Joint

  • A complex condylar (hinge-like) synovial joint that permits movement between the condyles of the femur and the tibia.
  • Contains a saddle joint between the patella and femur.

Tibiofibular Joint

  • Proximal: Plane-type synovial joint between the head of the fibula and tibia.
  • Allows gliding.
  • Distal: Fibrous joint between the tibia and fibula.

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

  • Hinge-type synovial joint between the tibia, fibula, and the talus bone.
  • Permits dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

Joints of the Foot

  • Diverse articulations enabling a range of foot movements.
  • Include interphalangeal, intermetatarsal, tarsometatarsal, talonavicular, naviculocuneiform, calcaneocuboid, and subtalar joints.

Radiographic Views of Upper and Lower Limbs

  • Radiographic anatomy uses X-rays to visualize anatomical structures.
  • X-rays show a 2D representation of a 3D object.
  • X-rays of the upper/lower limbs help diagnose fractures, dislocations, abnormalities.
  • Specific radiographic terms like "Shenton's line" are also noted.

Applied Anatomy

  • Olecranon Fracture: A break in the bony tip of the elbow.
  • Fracture of the Radius and Ulna: Commonly seen in falls with outstretched hands.
  • Humeral Shaft Fracture: Break in the shaft of humerus, often needing surgical intervention.
  • Boxer's Fracture: Fracture in the neck of the fifth metacarpal bone, often from punching.
  • Scaphoid and Capitate Fracture (Fenton Syndrome): Rare carpal injury from high-energy trauma.
  • Hip Dislocation: Condition where the femoral head comes out of the acetabulum
  • Fracture of the neck of the femur:Common break.
  • Osteomyelitis of the upper end of the tibia:Infection of upper tibia.
  • Fibular Fracture: Fracture in the fibula, typically associated with ankle fractures.
  • Fracture neck of talus: Fracture of the talus, a common ankle fracture.
  • Calcaneal Fracture: Fracture of the heel bone (calcaneus).
  • March Fracture: Common in individuals engaging in intensive walking or marching.
  • Fracture of the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal (Jones’ fracture): Occurs due to forceful inversion of the forefoot/inversion injuries of the foot.

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Radiographic Anatomy of the Extremities PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the upper extremities, focusing on the bones, muscles, nerves, and vascular structures. This quiz covers the functional units, as well as the specific bones like the humerus, ulna, and radius. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the upper limb's complex structure!

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