Anatomy Quiz on Lower Limb Structures

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Questions and Answers

Which nerve provides sensation to the anteromedial knee, leg, and foot?

Common fibular nerve

Tibial nerve

Saphenous nerve (correct)

Sural nerve

What structure does the femoral artery and vein pass through to enter the popliteal region?

Lesser sciatic foramen

Greater sciatic foramen

Adductor hiatus (correct)

Popliteal fossa

Which of the following muscles is NOT associated with the popliteal fossa?

Biceps Femoris

Sartorius (correct)

Gastrocnemius

Semitendinosus

Which artery and vein are components of the popliteal fossa?

Popliteal artery and vein Signup and view all the answers

What nerve exits through the greater sciatic foramen?

Sciatic nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT a border of the greater sciatic foramen?

Sacrosciatic ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is innervated by the nerve to quadratus femoris?

Quadratus femoris Signup and view all the answers

Which vein does the small saphenous vein drain into?

Popliteal vein Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the tarsal tunnel?

Flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve enters through the lesser sciatic foramen?

Pudendal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for innervating the gemelli muscles?

Nerve to obturator internus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tibialis posterior muscle?

Plantarflexion and inversion of the foot Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT a content of the popliteal fossa?

Femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily involved in the movement of knee flexion?

Gastrocnemius Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Gluteus Maximus?

Hip Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

Gluteus Minimus Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion point of the Biceps Femoris (Long Head)?

Fibular head Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for hip abduction and is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

Gluteus Medius Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Tibialis Anterior muscle originate?

Lateral condyle of the tibia Signup and view all the answers

What action is primarily associated with the Gastrocnemius muscle?

Ankle Plantarflexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the innervation of the Flexor Digitorum Longus muscle?

Tibial Nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily contributes to ankle inversion?

Tibialis Posterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of the Adductor Longus muscle?

Hip Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles crosses both the hip and knee joints?

Rectus Femoris Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the Lumbricals in the foot?

Flexion of the MCP joints Signup and view all the answers

The Semitendinosus muscle primarily serves which function?

Knee Flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for weak knee flexion and medial rotation of the tibia?

Popliteus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the Flexor Hallucis Longus muscle attach to?

Distal phalanx of the great toe Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hip Muscles

Gluteus Maximus:
- Largest and most superficial buttock muscle
- Extends and laterally rotates the hip
- Origin: Posterior iliac crest, external surface of ilium, lateral sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
- Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera of femur, iliotibial band into lateral condyle of tibia (Gerdy's tubercle)
- Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Gluteus Medius & Gluteus Minimus:
- Superficial buttock muscles
- Abduct and internally rotate the hip
- Gluteus Medius Origin: External surface of ilium (between anterior and posterior gluteal lines)
- Gluteus Medius Insertion: Lateral surface of greater trochanter
- Gluteus Minimus Origin: External surface of ilium (between anterior and inferior gluteal lines)
- Gluteus Minimus Insertion: Anterior lateral surface of greater trochanter
- Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Tensor Fascia Lata:
- Deep buttock muscle
- Flexes and abducts the hip, internally rotates the hip
- Origin: Anterior iliac crest
- Insertion: Iliotibial band (IT band)--attaches to the lateral condyle of the tibia (Gerdy's tubercle)
- Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Piriformis:
- Deep buttock muscle
- Laterally rotates the hip
- Origin: Anterior lateral surface of sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
- Insertion: Superior aspect of medial greater trochanter
- Innervation: Nerve to piriformis (S1, S2)
Gemellus superior, Obturator Internus, & Gemellus inferior:
- Deep buttock muscles (PGOGOQ)
- Laterally rotate and abduct the hip, especially when the hip is flexed.
- Gemellus Superior Origin: Ischial spine
- Gemellus Superior Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter
- Obturator Internus Origin: Internal surface of obturator membrane and foramen
- Obturator Internus Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter
- Gemellus Inferior Origin: Upper lateral ischial tuberosity
- Gemellus Inferior Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter
- Innervation:
  - Gemellus superior and obturator internus: Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
  - Gemellus inferior: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
Obturator Externus:
- Deep buttock muscle
- Laterally rotates the hip
- Origin: External surface of obturator membrane and foramen
- Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter
- Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3, L4)
Quadratus Femoris:
- Deep buttock muscle
- Laterally rotates the hip, abducts the hip when flexed
- Origin: Lateral ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: Quadrate tubercle (intertrochanteric crest)
- Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
Iliopsoas:
- Important hip flexor
- Psoas Major:
- Origin: Bodies and transverse processes of T12-L5 vertebrae
- Insertion: Lesser trochanter
- Innervation: Anterior primary rami L1-3
- Iliacus:
- Origin: Iliac fossa
- Insertion: Lesser trochanter
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, & Biceps Femoris:
- Hamstring muscles
- Semitendinosus:
- Origin: Ischial Tuberosity
- Insertion: Superior medial tibial shaft (pes anserine)
- Innervation: Sciatic nerve - tibial division (L5, S1, S2)
- Semimembranosus:
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: Posterior medial tibial condyle
- Innervation: Sciatic nerve - tibial division (L5, S1, S2)
- Biceps Femoris:
- Origin: Long head (LH): ischial tuberosity; Short head (SH): linea aspera, lateral supracondylar ridge
- Insertion: Fibular head (splits around fibular collateral ligament)
- Innervation: LH: Sciatic nerve - tibial division (L5, S1, S2); SH: Sciatic nerve - common fibular (L5, S1, S2)
Pectineus:
- Anterior thigh muscle
- Adducts and flexes the hip
- Origin: Superior ramus of pubis
- Insertion: Pectineal line of femur
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
Sartorius:
- Anterior thigh muscle
- Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip
- Flexes the knee
- Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- Insertion: Superior medial tibia (pes anserine)
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
Rectus Femoris:
- Quadriceps muscle (only one that crosses both the hip and knee)
- Extends the knee, flexes the hip
- Origin: AIIS, ilium (superior to acetabulum)
- Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar tendon
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, & Vastus Intermedius:
- Quadriceps muscles
- Extend the knee
- Vastus Lateralis:
- Origin: Lateral lip of linea aspera & greater trochanter
- Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar tendon
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
- Vastus Medialis:
- Origin: Medial lip of linea aspera
- Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar tendon
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
- Vastus Intermedius:
- Origin: Anterior and lateral shaft of femur
- Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar tendon
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Magnus, & Gracilis:
- Adductor muscles of the thigh
- Adduct the hip
- Adductor Longus:
  - Origin: Body of pubis
  - Insertion: Middle line of linea aspera
  - Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
- Adductor Brevis:
  - Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis
  - Insertion: Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera
  - Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
- Adductor Magnus:
  - Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium (hamstring part: ischial tuberosity)
  - Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera (hamstring part: medial supracondylar line and adductor tubercle)
  - Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4) and tibial division of sciatic nerve (L4)
- Gracilis:
  - Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis
  - Insertion: Tibia (pes anserine)
  - Innervation: Obturator nerve ( L2, L3)

Leg Muscles:

Anterior Compartment:
- Dorsiflex and invert the foot
- Tibialis Anterior:
  - Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, upper half of lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane
  - Insertion: Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
  - Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
- Extensor Digitorum Longus:
  - Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, upper ¾ of medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane
  - Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5
  - Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
- Extensor Hallucis Longus:
  - Origin: Middle part of anterior fibula, interosseous membrane
  - Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
  - Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
- Fibularis Tertius:
  - Origin: Inferior third of anterior fibula, interosseous membrane
  - Insertion: Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
  - Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
Lateral Compartment:
- Fibularis Longus:
  - Origin: Head of fibula, proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula
  - Insertion: Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
  - Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
- Fibularis Brevis:
  - Origin: Distal 2/3 of lateral fibula
  - Insertion: Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
  - Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Posterior Compartment:
- Superficial Layer:
  - Plantarflex the ankle and weakly flex the knee
  - Gastrocnemius:
    - Origin: Medial head: medial femoral condyle; lateral head: lateral femoral condyle
    - Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon
    - Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
  - Soleus:
    - Origin: Upper part of fibula, tibia on soleal line
    - Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon
    - Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
  - Plantaris:
    - Origin: Lateral femoral condyle
    - Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon
    - Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
- Deep Layer:
  - Plantarflex the ankle and flex toes
  - Popliteus:
    - Origin: Lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus
    - Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia, above soleal line
    - Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)
  - Flexor Digitorum Longus:
    - Origin: Medial part of posterior surface of tibia
    - Insertion: Bases of distal phalanges of toes 2-5
    - Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
  - Flexor Hallucis Longus:
    - Origin: Inferior 2/3 of posterior fibula, interosseous membrane
    - Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of great toe
    - Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
  - Tibialis Posterior:
    - Origin: Posterior surface of interosseous membrane, adjacent surfaces of tibia and fibula
    - Insertion: All 5 tarsal bones and metatarsals 2-4
    - Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

Foot Muscles:

Layer 1:
- Contribute to movement of great and small toes
- Flexor Digitorum Brevis:
  - Origin: Medial tubercle of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis
  - Insertion: Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
  - Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
- Abductor Hallucis:
  - Origin: Medial tubercle of calcaneus
  - Insertion: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
  - Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
- Abductor Digiti Minimi:
  - Origin: Medial and lateral tubercle of calcaneus
  - Insertion: Lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
  - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Layer 2:
- Assist in foot movement and toe flexion
- Quadratus Plantae:
  - Origin: Medial and lateral plantar calcaneus
  - Insertion: Posterolateral margin of flexor digitorum longus tendon
  - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Layer 3:
- Flex the toes
- Flexor Hallucis Brevis:
  - Origin: Plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms
  - Insertion: Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
  - Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
- Adductor Hallucis:
  - Oblique Head Origin: Bases of metatarsals 2-4
  - Oblique Head Insertion: Tendons attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
  - Transverse Head Origin: Plantar ligaments of MTP joints
  - Transverse Head Insertion: Tendons attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
  - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
- Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis:
  - Origin: Base of 5th metatarsal
  - Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
  - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Layer 4:
- Contribute to toe movement
- Plantar Interossei:
  - Origin: Bases and medial side of metatarsals 3-5
  - Insertion: Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges 3-5
  - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
- Dorsal Interossei:
  - 1st Origin: Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-2
  - 1st Insertion: Medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
  - 2nd-4th Origin: Adjacent sides of metatarsals 2-5
  - 2nd-4th Insertion: Lateral sides of proximal phalanges 2-4
  - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Femoral Triangle:

Borders:
- Base: Inguinal ligament
- Lateral: Sartorius muscle
- Medial: Adductor longus muscle
- Floor: Iliopsoas (lateral) and pectineus (medial)
- Roof: Fascia latae
Contents:
- Femoral nerve
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein
- Empty space
- Lymph nodes

Other:

Triceps Coxae:
- A group of hip abductors and internal rotators
- Consists of:
  - Gemellus superior
  - Obturator internus
  - Gemellus inferior
Pes Anserine:
- A common insertion point for the following muscles:
  - Sartorius
  - Gracilis
  - Semitendinosus
SGT:
- An acronym for muscles that compose the Triceps Coxae:
  - Superior Gemellus
  - Gemellus Terior
MEMITENS:
- An acronym for the hip abductor muscles:
  - Medius Gluteus
  - Extensor Fascia Lata
  - Minimus Gluteus
  - Internus Obturator
  - Tensor Fascia Lata
  - Externus Obturator
  - Nerve to Piriformis
  - Superior Gemellus

Tarsal Tunnel

Contains the tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery

Popliteal Fossa

Borders: Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius medial and lateral heads, biceps femoris
Contents: Tibial nerve, popliteal artery and vein, common fibular (peroneal) nerve, small saphenous vein, sural nerve branches

Adductor Canal

Borders: Vastus medialis (anterior/lateral), adductor longus and magnus (posterior), sartorius (medial/roof)
Contents: Femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous vein
Femoral artery and vein exit through adductor hiatus to become the popliteal artery and vein
The saphenous nerve remains superficial, providing sensation to the anteromedial knee leg and foot

Greater Sciatic Foramen

Borders: Greater sciatic notch, sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, and SI ligaments
Contents: Piriformis, gluteal nerves, pudendal nerves, sciatic nerve, nerve to obturator internus, nerve to quadratus femoris

Lesser Sciatic Foramen

Borders: Lesser sciatic notch, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous, and sacrospinous ligaments
Contents: Tendon of obturator internus, nerve to obturator internus, internal pudendal vessels, pudendal nerve

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Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the lower limb with this detailed quiz. Questions cover key nerves, arteries, and muscles related to the knee and popliteal fossa. Perfect for students studying anatomy, physical therapy, or medicine.