Questions and Answers
The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
anatomy
TWO BASIC APPROACHES of anatomy
Systemic anatomy and Regional anatomy
Scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
physiology
Consists of the Greek origin words: pathos - physis - logos -
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Refers to the study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.
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Involves how atoms such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules
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basic structural and functional units of organisms
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Molecules form organelles which make up cells
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group of similar cells and materials surrounding them
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Four Tissues
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composed of 2 or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
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a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
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An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell
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refers to the specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism, from cell organelles to organs, interacting and working together
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ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction
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ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life
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an increase in size of all or part of the organism; results from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells
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changes an organism undergoes through time
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change in cell structure and functions from generalized to specialized
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change in cell structure and functions from generalized to specialized
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formation of new cells or new organisms
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existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external or internal environment
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governed by Nervous System and Endocrine System; e.g. sweating or shivering normally maintain body temperature near a set point
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provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps reduce vitamin D
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provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue
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provides body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
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removes foreign substances from blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
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exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, and regulates blood pH
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performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
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major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
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major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
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transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature
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transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature
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removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
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produces oocyte and is the site of fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
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produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy investigates the structure of the body; physiology studies the processes or functions of living organisms.
- Two basic approaches to anatomy: gross anatomy (macroscopic) and microscopic anatomy (cell and tissue level).
Terminology and Concepts
- Pathos, physis, and logos are Greek terms relating to disease processes: pathos (suffering), physis (nature), logos (study).
- Pathophysiology examines abnormal changes in body functions due to disease.
Basic Biological Units
- Atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, combine to form molecules.
- Molecules create organelles, which make up cells — the basic structural and functional units of organisms.
- Tissues consist of groups of similar cells and the material surrounding them.
Tissue Types
- Four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
- Organs are composed of two or more tissue types working together for common functions.
Levels of Organization
- An organism is a complete living entity, which can be unicellular or multicellular.
- The organization level in biology includes interactions of cell organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
Life Processes
- Vital functions include energy utilization for growth, movement, and reproduction.
- Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Growth and Development
- Growth can result from an increase in cell number, size, or surrounding substance.
- Development involves changes over time, including differentiation — the process by which cells become specialized.
Regulatory Systems
- The Nervous and Endocrine systems regulate homeostasis, controlling body temperature through mechanisms like sweating or shivering.
- Various organ systems provide protection, support, movement, and maintenance of body functions.
Organ System Functions
- Integumentary system: protects, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and aids in vitamin D synthesis.
- Skeletal system: provides structure, support, movement, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fats.
- Muscular system: facilitates movement, maintains posture, generates heat.
- Lymphatic system: removes foreign substances, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs dietary fats.
- Respiratory system: exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and regulates blood pH.
- Digestive system: carries out digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination.
- Nervous system: detects sensations, controls movements, and manages physiological processes.
- Endocrine system: influences metabolism, growth, and reproduction through hormones.
- Circulatory system: transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones; plays a role in immune response and temperature regulation.
- Urinary system: removes waste, regulates blood pH, ion, and water balance.
- Reproductive system: produces oocytes/sperm, facilitates fertilization and fetal development, and governs sexual function.
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