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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
Which tissue types compose the shaft of the penis?
Which tissue types compose the shaft of the penis?
How does sexual excitement lead to penile erection?
How does sexual excitement lead to penile erection?
What defines the study of gynecology?
What defines the study of gynecology?
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During erection, which muscle plays a key role in trapping blood in the erectile tissues?
During erection, which muscle plays a key role in trapping blood in the erectile tissues?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of normal testes?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of normal testes?
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What role does the penile artery serve in the male reproductive system?
What role does the penile artery serve in the male reproductive system?
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Which system of nerve innervation is responsible for stimulating penile erection?
Which system of nerve innervation is responsible for stimulating penile erection?
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What is the primary function of the uterus?
What is the primary function of the uterus?
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What is the function of the alkaline pH in the secretions of the bulbourethral glands?
What is the function of the alkaline pH in the secretions of the bulbourethral glands?
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How does the size of the uterus change with maturity?
How does the size of the uterus change with maturity?
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What anatomical division of the uterus is primarily responsible for expansion during pregnancy?
What anatomical division of the uterus is primarily responsible for expansion during pregnancy?
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What percentage of semen is derived from the prostate gland?
What percentage of semen is derived from the prostate gland?
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What anatomical structure is affected by an episiotomy during childbirth?
What anatomical structure is affected by an episiotomy during childbirth?
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Which part of the uterus is continuous with the lining of the fallopian tubes?
Which part of the uterus is continuous with the lining of the fallopian tubes?
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Which gland contributes the least to semen production?
Which gland contributes the least to semen production?
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What is the term used to describe the temporary increase in breast size in boys during puberty?
What is the term used to describe the temporary increase in breast size in boys during puberty?
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What is the role of acinar cells in the mammary glands?
What is the role of acinar cells in the mammary glands?
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What is a primary purpose of Kegel exercises during pregnancy?
What is a primary purpose of Kegel exercises during pregnancy?
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How are the milk glands in the breasts organized?
How are the milk glands in the breasts organized?
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What is the main role of the urethra in the male reproductive system?
What is the main role of the urethra in the male reproductive system?
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What is the normal developmental sequence for mammary glands in females?
What is the normal developmental sequence for mammary glands in females?
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How is the hymen typically impacted during a girl's first sexual intercourse?
How is the hymen typically impacted during a girl's first sexual intercourse?
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What is the approximate length of the male urethra?
What is the approximate length of the male urethra?
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What role do FSH and LH play in the menstrual cycle?
What role do FSH and LH play in the menstrual cycle?
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What significant event occurs on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle?
What significant event occurs on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle?
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What changes occur to cervical mucus during ovulation?
What changes occur to cervical mucus during ovulation?
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What does the corpus luteum produce after ovulation?
What does the corpus luteum produce after ovulation?
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What happens if fertilization does not occur?
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
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What characterizes the first half of the menstrual cycle regarding cervical mucus?
What characterizes the first half of the menstrual cycle regarding cervical mucus?
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How can women analyze cervical mucus to aid in conception?
How can women analyze cervical mucus to aid in conception?
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What is the function of estrogen produced by the graafian follicle?
What is the function of estrogen produced by the graafian follicle?
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What is the mean age at which menopause typically occurs?
What is the mean age at which menopause typically occurs?
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Which of the following describes the transitional period leading to menopause?
Which of the following describes the transitional period leading to menopause?
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How can education about menstruation benefit girls in terms of school attendance?
How can education about menstruation benefit girls in terms of school attendance?
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What is a common physical symptom of menopause caused by reduced estrogen levels?
What is a common physical symptom of menopause caused by reduced estrogen levels?
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What is a potential risk associated with Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?
What is a potential risk associated with Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?
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What strategy can help alleviate hot flashes during menopause?
What strategy can help alleviate hot flashes during menopause?
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What psychological impact may women experience due to menopause?
What psychological impact may women experience due to menopause?
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How does educating boys about menstruation benefit society?
How does educating boys about menstruation benefit society?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
- Normal testes are firm, smooth, and egg-shaped; the epididymis can be felt as a firm swelling on the superior aspect of the testes.
- The male reproductive system includes external and internal structures; andrology studies these organs, while gynecology focuses on the female reproductive system.
- The penis consists of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue: two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum, with the urethra passing through these, enabling dual function for urinary and reproductive systems.
- Erection is facilitated by parasympathetic nerve activity, causing nitric oxide release, leading to blood vessel dilation and increased blood flow, resulting in engorgement.
- Bulbourethral glands secrete an alkaline fluid to neutralize urethral acidity, aiding sperm survival.
- Semen composition: prostate gland contributes 60%, seminal vesicles 30%, epididymis 5%, and bulbourethral glands 5%.
- The urethra measures 18 to 20 cm, consists of a mucous membrane lining, and plays a role in both urination and reproductive functions.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system has external and internal components; mammary glands develop from ectodermic tissue during gestation.
- The uterus, 5-7 cm long and weighing about 60 g in a non-pregnant state, has three parts: body (corpus), isthmus, and cervix, functioning in ovum reception, implantation, and fetal protection.
- The uterus expands during pregnancy to accommodate the developing fetus; its lining connects with the fallopian tubes.
- The cervix’s mucus changes throughout the menstrual cycle; it is thick and scant in the first half but becomes thin and copious during ovulation, facilitating sperm survival.
Menstrual Cycle Summary
- Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) stimulate ovarian growth; FSH activates a primordial follicle, leading to estrogen and progesterone production.
- Ovulation occurs around day 14, marked by an LH surge; the mature follicle releases the ovum into the fallopian tube.
- The luteal phase (days 15-28) involves the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to maintain the uterine lining; if fertilization does not occur, hormone levels drop, triggering menstruation.
Menstrual Education and Menopause
- Educating both genders about menstruation fosters understanding and reduces myths, helping girls view it positively.
- Menopause typically occurs between ages 40 and 55; it signifies the end of childbearing.
- Perimenopause is the transitional phase leading to menopause; postmenopausal life follows the last menstrual period.
- Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteoporosis, and psychological changes impacted by decreased estrogen levels.
- Hot flashes can occur frequently (20-30 times daily) and last several minutes; remedies include cold drinks and fans.
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) was previously common to relieve menopause symptoms but is now used cautiously due to associated health risks.
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive systems, including key structures such as the testes and epididymis. Understand how these systems, although different, are homologous and stem from the same embryonic origins. Perfect for students studying gynecology and reproductive health.