Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook-Ch.5

Questions and Answers

What is the epiphysis?

Site of compact bone in adults

Site of spongy bone in adults (correct)

Scientific name for bone shaft

Site of fat storage in adults

What does the diaphysis refer to?

Scientific name for bone shaft.

What is the role of red marrow?

Site of hematopoiesis in the adult.

What is yellow marrow responsible for?

Site of fat storage in the adult. Signup and view all the answers

What does the epiphyseal plate indicate?

Site of longitudinal growth in a child. Signup and view all the answers

When blood calcium levels begin to drop below homeostatic levels, ___________ is released, causing calcium to be released from bones.

Parathyroid Hormone Signup and view all the answers

Mature bone cells, called ________, maintain bone in a viable state.

Osteocytes Signup and view all the answers

Disuse such as that caused by paralysis or severe lack of exercise results in muscle and bone ______.

Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Large tubercles and/or increased deposit of bony matrix occur at sites of __________.

Stress/Tension Signup and view all the answers

Immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells are referred to as _________.

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

__________ causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts.

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

Bone cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium to the blood are called _________.

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

Our astronauts must do isometric exercises when in space because bone atrophy under conditions of weightlessness or lack of __________.

Gravity Signup and view all the answers

What are concentric lamellae?

Layers of calcified matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What are lacunae?

"Residences" of osteocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central canal?

Longitudinal canal, carrying blood vessels and nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes bone matrix?

Non-living, structural part of bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are canaliculi?

Tiny canals, connecting lacunae. Signup and view all the answers

What is the endochondral ossification process?

Process of bone development from hyaline cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

When a bone forms from a fibrous membrane, the process is called _________ ossification.

Membranous Signup and view all the answers

When trapped in lacunae, osteoblasts change into __________.

Osteocytes Signup and view all the answers

____________ ossification centers appear in the epiphyses of a long bone.

Secondary Signup and view all the answers

Epiphyseal plates are made of _.

Hyaline Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

In appositional growth, bone reabsorption occurs on the __________ surface.

Endosteal Signup and view all the answers

"Maturation" of newly formed (non-calcified) bone matrix takes about __________.

Ten Days Signup and view all the answers

What are sinuses?

Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in bone. Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do sinuses serve in the skull?

They lighten the skull and serve as resonance chambers for speech. Signup and view all the answers

Why are sinuses so susceptible to infection?

Their mucosa is continuous with that of the nasal passages into which they drain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the vertebral arch?

Structure that encloses the nerve cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is the body of the vertebral column?

Weight-bearing part of the vertebra. Signup and view all the answers

What is the spinous process?

Provides levers for the muscles to pull against. Signup and view all the answers

What is the transverse process?

Provides levers for the muscles to pull against. Signup and view all the answers

What are intervertebral foramina?

Openings allowing spinal nerves to pass. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the atlas vertebra?

Supports the head; allows the rocking motion of the occipital condyles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the axis vertebra?

Its dens provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra. Signup and view all the answers

What are thoracic vertebrae characterized by?

Transverse processes have facets for articulation with ribs; spinous process points sharply downward. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sacrum?

Composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes lumbar vertebrae?

Massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining. Signup and view all the answers

What is the coccyx?

Tail bone; vestigial fused vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the acromion?

Point where scapula and clavicle connect. Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones composing the shoulder girdle?

Scapula and clavicle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the glenoid cavity?

Socket in the scapula for the arm bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the coracoid process?

Process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the trochlea do?

Distal medial process of the humerus; joins the ulna. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the ulna located?

Medial bone of the forearm in anatomical position. Signup and view all the answers

What is the capitulum?

Rounded knob on the humerus that articulates with the radius. Signup and view all the answers

What is the coronoid fossa?

Anterior depression; superior to the trochlea, receives part of the ulna when the forearm is flexed. Signup and view all the answers

What articulates with the clavicle?

Scapula and sternum. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the female pelvis?

Female inlet is larger/circular; sacrum is less curved, pubic arch is rounder. Signup and view all the answers

Which bones fuse to form the coxal bone?

Ischium, ilium, and pubis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ischial tuberosity?

Receives the weight of the body when sitting. Signup and view all the answers

What does the pubic symphysis indicate?

Point where the coxal bones join anteriorly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the iliac crest?

Upper margin of iliac bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the acetabulum?

Deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sacroiliac joint?

Point where the axial skeleton attaches to the pelvic girdle. Signup and view all the answers

What does the femur represent?

Longest bone in the body; articulates with the coxal bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fibula's characteristic?

Lateral bone of the leg. Signup and view all the answers

What is the tibia also known as?

Shinbone. Signup and view all the answers

What bones form the knee joint?

Femur, patella, or tibia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tibial tuberosity?

Point where the patellar ligament attaches. Signup and view all the answers

What is the patella commonly known as?

Kneecap. Signup and view all the answers

What does the medial malleolus refer to?

Distal process on medial tibial surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is the lateral malleolus?

Process forming the outer ankle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the calcaneus?

Heel bone. Signup and view all the answers

What do tarsals represent?

Bones of the ankle. Signup and view all the answers

What are metatarsals?

Bones forming the instep of the foot. Signup and view all the answers

What is the obturator foramen?

Opening in a coxal bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami. Signup and view all the answers

Where are the greater and lesser trochanters located?

Sites of muscle attachment on the proximal end of the femur. Signup and view all the answers

What is the talus?

Tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ girdle is formed by the articulation of the coxal bones and the sacrum.

Pelvic Signup and view all the answers

What are phalanges?

Bones present in both the hand and the foot. Signup and view all the answers

The tough, fibrous connective tissue covering of a bone is the ___________.

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is the sciatic nerve?

The large nerve that must be avoided when giving injections into the buttock muscles. Signup and view all the answers

The long bones of a fetus are constructed of __________ cartilage.

Hyaline Signup and view all the answers

Which bones provide the most protection to the abdominal viscera?

Coxal bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the foramen magnum?

The largest foramen in the skull. Signup and view all the answers

What is hematoma formation?

The first major event of fracture healing. Signup and view all the answers

What is kyphosis?

An exaggerated thoracic curvature known as "dowager's hump". Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple fracture?

Bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What is closed reduction?

Nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a greenstick fracture?

A break common in children; bone splinters, but the break is incomplete. Signup and view all the answers

What is a compression fracture?

A fracture in which the bone is crushed; common in the vertebral column. Signup and view all the answers

What does a compound fracture involve?

A fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is open reduction?

Surgical realignment of broken bone ends. Signup and view all the answers

What are spiral fractures?

A result of twisting forces. Signup and view all the answers

A _________ usually forms at a fracture site.

Hematoma Signup and view all the answers

Nonbony debris at the fracture site is removed by __________.

Phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

Growth of a new capillary supply into the region produces .

Granulation tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System Overview

The epiphysis is the site of spongy bone and hematopoiesis in adults.
The diaphysis, or bone shaft, consists of compact bone.

Bone Marrow Types

Red marrow functions as the site for hematopoiesis, while yellow marrow primarily stores fat.

Growth and Development

The epiphyseal plate is crucial for longitudinal growth in children.
The endochondral ossification process transforms a cartilage model into bone through multiple stages, including periosteum formation and cavity growth.

Bone Cells

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain bone; they can die if deprived of nutrients.
Osteoblasts are immature, matrix-depositing cells found in the periosteum and are converted from osteoblasts when trapped in lacunae.
Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

Parathyroid hormone triggers calcium release from bones when blood calcium levels are low.
Calcitonin facilitates the deposition of calcium in bones, lowering blood calcium levels.

Bone Structure

Concentric lamellae are layers of calcified matrix; canaliculi are tiny canals connecting lacunae where osteocytes reside.
The central canal houses blood vessels and nerves, contributing to the bone's vascular structure.

Abnormalities and Conditions

Atrophy affects muscles and bones due to disuse (e.g., paralysis, lack of exercise).
Abnormal spinal curvatures include kyphosis (exaggerated thoracic curve) and scoliosis (lateral displacement of the vertebral column).

Vertebrae Anatomy

The vertebral arch encloses the spinal cord; the body bears weight and articulates with ribs.
Spinous and transverse processes provide leverage for muscle attachment and rib articulation.

Ribs Classification

True ribs (1-7) directly attach to the sternum, false ribs (8-12) connect indirectly, and floating ribs (11-12) do not attach anteriorly.

Shoulder and Arm Bones

The shoulder girdle comprises the scapula and clavicle, while the humerus serves as the arm bone.
The acromion connects scapula and clavicle, and musculature attaches at the deltoid tuberosity.

Pelvic Structure

The pelvic girdle is formed by coxal bones fused with the sacrum and differs between sexes regarding size and curvature.
Important features include the acetabulum, iliac crest, and sacroiliac joint.

Leg and Foot Anatomy

The femur is the longest bone, articulating at the knee with the patella and tibia.
The tibia is the medial shinbone, while the fibula is the lateral bone of the leg.

Fracture Types and Healing Process

Simple fractures do not break the skin, while compound fractures do.
Healing initiates with hematoma formation, followed by debris removal by phagocytes and the creation of granulation tissue for regeneration.

Miscellaneous Facts

Sinuses are mucosa-lined air-filled cavities that lighten the skull and resonate sound.
The obturator foramen is formed by the pubic and ischial rami.
Tarsals and metatarsals form the structure of the ankle and foot instep, respectively.

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Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with this flashcard quiz from the Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook. Each card focuses on key terms and concepts related to the structure and function of bones, including epiphysis, diaphysis, and types of marrow.